Preparation and Biological Characterization of Isomeric 188Re(V) Oxocomplexes with Tetradentate S4 Ligands Derived from meso-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid for Labeling of Biomolecules

Abstract

A new type of tetradentate S4 ligand has been synthesized by bridging two molecules of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid for stable binding and easy conjugation of rhenium-188 to tumor targeting structures. The stereoisomeric tetrathiolato S4 ligands form very robust anionic five-coordinated oxorhenium(V) and oxotechnetium(V) complexes. Two routes for the preparation of the (188)Re(V) oxocomplexes with (iBu)2N(O)C-C(SH)C(SH)C(O)NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NHC(O)C(SH)C(SH)C(O)N(iBu)2 (ligand 1) and its hydrophilic crown ether derivative (ligand 2) were tested and optimized. Several isomers were separated by HPLC from the preparation solutions and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The identity of the species obtained was determined by comparison with the HPLC profiles of reference (185/187)Re analogues and (99/99m)Tc complexes which were characterized by ESI-MS. All of them were absolutely stable in rat and human plasma solutions. Challenge experiments with cysteine corroborated the high inertness of the isomers toward ligand exchange reactions. Various in vivo samples, taken off at different times from blood, intestine, and urine of rats, confirmed the high in vivo stability of the (188)Re-S4 complexes. Biodistribution studies using male Wistar rats were performed and exhibited a high uptake and fast clearance from the liver of the more lipophilic cis and trans isomers of complex I (log P(o/w) between 1.5 and 1.7), whereas the isomers of the hydrophilic complex II (log P(o/w) about -1.75) were rapidly excreted via the renal and the hepatobiliary pathway. The low level of activity in the stomach confirms good in vivo stability. Thus, these new (188)Re-S4 complexes fulfill the requirements for a stable and high specific activity labeling of biomolecules with rhenium-188.