Premotor symptoms and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: A case-control study in Mexican population

Abstract

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of pre-motor symptoms and estimate the risk for developing Parkinson’s disease in Mexican population. Patients and MethodsA case-control study was carried out with consecutive subjects with Parkinson’s disease from two different referral centers in Mexico. Gender- and age-matched controls were randomly selected from the participating hospitals. All subjects were assessed using a structured questionnaire for the assessment of pre-motor symptoms (hyposmia, depression, anxiety, constipation, and sleep disorders). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. ResultsA total of 430 subjects with PD and 430 healthy subjects were included. Premotor symptoms prevalence was 77.7% (n=334) for the PD group, compared to 41.3% (n=178) in the control group (p<0.001). After logistic multivariate analysis, previous history of hyposmia (OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.33–3.06]), depression (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.67–3.84]), anxiety (OR 4.37 [95% CI 2.73–6.98]) and sleep disorders (OR 2.03 [95% CI 1.41–2.93]) were independently associated with Parkinson’s disease. Overall prediction success of the model was 81.2% for controls and 61.2% for subjects with PD. ConclusionAll five premotor symptoms assessed were more commonly reported in PD subjects than healthy controls. The presence of non-motor symptoms yield a prediction success of 71.2% to discriminate between PD subjects and healthy controls.