Abstract
Essential oils have emerged as viable alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito-borne pathogens. The leaf essential oils of eight species of Premna (Lamiaceae) growing in central Vietnam have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominated most of the Premna essential oils, with the notable exception of Premna mekongensis from Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, which had α-pinene as the major component. Larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti have been determined and all of the Premna essential oils showed larvicidal activity with 24-h LC50 < 65 μg/mL. The leaf essential oils of Premna cambodiana from Chu Mom Ray National Park and Premna mekongensis from Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve showed the best larvicidal activities with 24-h LC50 of 16.8 and 18.0 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil compositions and larvicidal activities of P. cambodiana, Premna flavescens, Premna maclurei, P. mekongensis, and Premna puberula are reported for the first time. Although the larvicidal activities of Premna leaf essential oils are promising, the essential oil yields are relatively low (0.10–0.25%).
Highlights
Mosquito-borne infectious diseases have been a persistent problem in Vietnam
As part of our ongoing efforts in identifying readily-available essential oils for mosquito control, we have examined the leaf essential oils of eight species of Premna (Table 1) found growing wild in central Vietnam for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegyptae, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus
The leaf essential oils of eight species of Premna have been obtained in yields ranging from
Summary
Mosquito-borne infectious diseases have been a persistent problem in Vietnam. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are especially problematic and chikungunya fever is an emerging threat in the country [1,2]. Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), the yellow fever mosquito, and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito, are important vectors of several viral pathogens, including dengue fever virus [3], yellow fever virus [4], chikungunya fever virus [5], and possibly Zika virus [6]. Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), the southern house mosquito, is a vector of Plants 2020, 9, 1130; doi:10.3390/plants9091130 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants. Insecticide resistance has been emerging in many insect disease vectors, including mosquitoes [10,11,12,13,14]. It has been reported that insecticide use has detrimental effects on non-target organisms, for example imidacloprid on honey bee (Apis mellifera) [17], damselfly (Ischnura senegalensis) [18], fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), or the amphipod (Hyalella azteca) [19]
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