Abstract
The metabolic variation in the essential oil composition of Premna odorata leaves obtained from different seasons was quantitatively and qualitatively determined employing GC/MS (Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry) and GC/FID (Gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector) techniques. It displayed the existence of 97 constituents accounting for 94.19%, 92.27%, 91.95% and 92.63% for POS (spring), POM (summer), POA (autumn) and POW (winter) whole essential oils. β-Caryophyllene constituting the main metabolite in the oil in the different seasons. To better visualize the differences between them, GC data were exposed to chemometric analysis. A PCA (principal component analysis) score plot revealed the closeness of POS and POW. Molecular modelling on collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase enzymes active centres shows that different compounds existing in the essential oil of Premna odorata leaves shows binding to the active sites with variable degrees that suggested its anti-ageing potential. Palmitic acid displayed the highest fitting for both the collagenase and elastase active centres in both pH-based and rule-based ionization methods with ∆G equals −78.27 and −44.77 kcal/mol, respectively; meanwhile, heptacosane showed the highest fitting score in the hyaluronidase centre with ∆G = −43.78 kcal/mol. In vitro assays consolidates the obtained modelling studies in which essential oil shows considerable anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase potential as evidenced by their IC50 values being 49.3 and 37.7 μg/mL, respectively; meanwhile, the essential oil of Premna odorata leaves displayed mild anti-collagenase potential. Thus, it can be concluded that Premna odorata could serve as a promising anti-ageing naturally occurring drug that could be effectively incorporated by pharmaceutical industries in cosmetics combating ageing and skin wrinkling.
Highlights
Ageing is primarily caused by the pronounced disturbance in the balance between the regenerative and the degenerative potential of the skin causing wrinkling and thinning of its epidermis
Many efficient anti-ageing products are derived from natural sources, they succeeded in restoring the disturbed balance between regenerative/degenerative power of the skin in addition to potentiating the production of elastin and collagen as ginseng others cause transient moisturizing effects [1]
This study aimed to comprehensively determine the metabolic variation in the essential oil composition of Premna odorata leaves between different seasons using gas chromatography data coupled with a chemometric study using principal component analysis (PCA)
Summary
Ageing is primarily caused by the pronounced disturbance in the balance between the regenerative and the degenerative potential of the skin causing wrinkling and thinning of its epidermis This is subsequently accompanied by the appearance of crevices, furrows, lines and creases in the lines of facial expression in particular. Ageing appears due to the extensive morphological alteration in the dermal layer triggered by repeated exposure to UV radiations and free radicles as well This alteration is accompanied by extensive loss in collagen as well as elastin fibres with reduced circulatory perfusion [1]. Genus Premna belongs to family Verbenaceae, comprising nearly 200 species. It grows natively in the Pacific islands, Africa, Australia and Asia, in the tropical as well as the subtropical areas. These activities may be relied upon their richness with several classes of compounds, such as flavonoids, lignans, isoflavones, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, as well as iridoids [2]
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