Abstract
Background.The Meycauayan River is considered one of the most severely polluted rivers in the Philippines due to heavy metal and organic pollution that has caused environmental degradation.Objectives.The aim of the present study was to provide insight on the current status of the Meycauayan River and outline an appropriate strategy to solve problems of organic and heavy metal contamination.Methods.The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water and sediments were analyzed and evaluated based on available local and international standards. Three sites (upstream, midstream and downstream) of the river were considered for the evaluation of water and sediment quality.Results.Dissolved oxygen, measured in the morning, was very low at the upstream sampling station (1.87 ppm) and even lower at the downstream site (0.49 ppm). The temperature for the three sites ranged from 28.03°C (upstream) to 30.75°C (downstream). Visual inspection indicated that the color of the water was gray upstream and midstream, and black at the downstream station. Biochemical oxygen demand exceeded the recommended limits of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) of 7.0 ppm with values of 13.22 ppm (upstream) and 12.02 ppm (downstream). Chemical oxygen demand exceeded the limit of 20 ppm at the downstream site at 84 ppm. Dissolved oxygen did not reach the recommended limit of 5.0 ppm of the DENR. There was a high coliform count at both the upstream (3.5 × 104 colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml) and downstream (2.5 × 104) sites, which exceeded the limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of 126 cfu/100 ml. Heavy metals such lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) exceeded the severe effect level of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which could be detrimental to humans and aquatic life. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed significant differences (p <0.001) in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates and phosphates for water quality and Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr for sediment quality across the study sites.Conclusions.The results of the present study indicate that the downstream site was more polluted, possibly due to the accumulation of pollutants coming from the upstream site. The deterioration of the Meycauayan River is a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth. Examination of the water quality of the Meycauayan River indicates that it is very polluted and requires an immediate solution. The results of the present study should be used as a basis for crafting strategies to rehabilitate the Meycauayan River.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests. This study was funded by Pure Earth.
Highlights
The Meycauayan River segment, in Bulacan, the Philippines, is part of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system and was included in the 2007 “The Dirty Thirty” list by the Blacksmith Institute/Pure Earth.[1]
The results of the present study indicate the presence of severe heavy metal pollution in sediments
The deterioration of the Meycauayan River has been a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth
Summary
The Meycauayan River segment, in Bulacan, the Philippines, is part of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system and was included in the 2007 “The Dirty Thirty” list by the Blacksmith Institute/Pure Earth.[1]. Three sites (upstream, midstream and downstream) of the river were considered for the evaluation of water and sediment quality. There was a high coliform count at both the upstream (3.5 x 104 colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml) and downstream (2.5 x 104) sites, which exceeded the limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of 126 cfu/100 ml. Heavy metals such lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) exceeded the severe effect level of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which could be detrimental to humans and aquatic life.
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