Abstract
The specific immune response to the Anopheles salivary peptide could be a pertinent and complementary tool to assess the risk of malaria transmission and the effectiveness of vector control strategies. This study aimed to obtain first reliable data on the current state of the Anopheles gSG6-P1 biomarker for assess the level of exposure to Anopheles bites in high malaria endemic areas in Cameroon. Blood smears were collected from people living in the neighborhoods of Youpwe (suburban area, continental) and Manoka (rural area, Island), both areas in the coastal region of Cameroon. Malaria infection was determined using thick blood smear microscopy, whereas the level of specific IgG response to gSG-P1 peptide was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from the dried blood spots. Of 266 (153 from Youpwe, 113 from Manoka) malaria endemic residents (mean age: 22.8±19.8 years, age range: 6 months–94 years, male/female sex ratio: 1/1.2, with Manoka mean age: 23.71±20.53, male/female sex ratio:1/1.13 and Youpwe mean age: 22.12±19.22, male/female sex ratio 1/0.67) randomly included in the study, Plasmodium infection prevalence was significantly higher in Manoka than in Youpwe (64.6% vs 12,4%, p = 0.0001). The anti-gSG6-P1 IgG response showed a high inter-individual heterogeneity and was significantly higher among individuals from Manoka than those from Youpwe (p = 0.023). Malaria infected individuals presented a higher anti-gSG6-P1 IgG antibody response than non-infected (p = 0.0004). No significant difference in the level of specific IgG response to gSG-P1 was observed according to long lasting insecticidal nets use. Taken together, the data revealed that human IgG antibody response to Anopheles gSG-P1 salivary peptide could be also used to assess human exposure to malaria vectors in Central African region. This finding strengthens the relevance of this candidate biomarker to be used for measuring human exposure to malaria vectors worldwide.
Highlights
The global malaria incidence and mortality due to Plasmodium falciparum decreased by 18% with the largest reductions recorded in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa following the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) [1, 2], this disease still remains a public health problem, with 228 million of clinical cases and 405,000 deaths recorded worldwide in 2018 [3]
Our study reveals no difference in specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to the gambiae salivary gland protein 6-peptide 1 (gSG6-P1) peptide according to the gender
The present study shows for the first time that a specific response to specific Anopheles salivary peptide gSG6-P1 were recognized by the different blood samples in Cameroon, with the highest reactivity observed among people with infection and living in the area with high endemicity level
Summary
The global malaria incidence and mortality due to Plasmodium falciparum decreased by 18% with the largest reductions recorded in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa following the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) [1, 2], this disease still remains a public health problem, with 228 million of clinical cases and 405,000 deaths recorded worldwide in 2018 [3]. Assessment of malaria transmission intensity (MTI) by mosquitoes is an important determinant of the malaria’s burden estimation and evaluation of effectiveness of control and prevention strategies. It is central to efforts to control and eradicate malaria, and currently estimated by the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) usually interpreted as the number of infective bites received by an individual per unit of time [4]. This entomological parameter has significant drawbacks and limitations such as inaccuracy due to micro-heterogeneity of malaria transmission, especially in areas of low transmission [5, 6]. While other alternative method that do not require human exposure, as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap catches (LTC) for estimating biting rates exist [14, 15], these present the disadvantages: LTC trap generally give low mosquito density, difficult acceptability and community involvement, theft of the device by the population [11, 14, 16, 17]
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