Abstract
In this experimental work, calcium from natural seafood wastes was used as a heterogeneous catalyst separately or in a blend of “shell mix” for producing biodiesel. Several chemical reaction runs were conducted at varied reaction times ranging from 30 min to 8 h, at 60 °C, with a mass content of 5% (Wcat./Woil) and a methanol/oil molar ratio of 12. After the purification process, the biodiesel with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) weight content measured was higher than 99%, which indicated that it was a pure biodiesel. This work also showed that the inorganic solid waste shell mixture used as the heterogeneous catalyst can be reused three times and the reused mixture still resulted in a FAME content higher than 99%. After 40 different transesterification reactions were performed using liquid (waste cooking oils) and solid (calcium seafood shells) wastes for producing biodiesel, under the specific conditions stated above, we found a successful, innovative, and promising way to produce biodiesel. In addition, blends prepared with jet fuel A1 and biodiesel were recorded with no invalid results after certain tests, at 25 °C. In this case, except for the 10% blend, the added biodiesel had no significant effect on the viscosity (fluidity) of the biojet fuel.
Highlights
Aviation fuel, a petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft, has strict quality requirements in air transport [1]
Catalyst characterization was performed on natural calcium waste materials, essentially through
SinceSince soap formation was not observed in the liquid it indicates that therethat are and biodiesel soap formation was not observed in thesamples, liquid samples, it indicates practically no side reactions and the yield is practically equal to the transesterification conversion there are practically no side reactions and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield is practically equal to the transesterification rate
Summary
A petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft, has strict quality requirements in air transport [1]. Jet fuel is an aviation fuel designed to power gas-turbine engines. According to a report from the U.S Energy Information Administration in 2013, “4 gallons out of every. 42-gallon barrel of crude oil are used to produce jet fuel”. The worldwide aviation industry consumes approximately 1.5–1.7 billion barrels of conventional jet fuel (JET-A1) per year. Several homegrown and renewable feedstock-based fuel systems are critical in the strategy to achieve energy security and improve environmental sustainability. In 2010, the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
