Abstract
Current commercial battery management systems (BMSs) do not provide adequate information in real time to mitigate issues of battery cells such as thermal runway. This paper explores and evaluates the integration of fiber optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensors inside lithium-ion battery (LiB) coin cells. Strain and internal and external temperatures were recorded using FBG sensors, and the battery cells were evaluated at a cycling C/20 rate. The preliminary results present scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of electrode degradation upon sensor integration and the systematic process of sensor integration to eliminate degradation in electrodes during cell charge/discharge cycles. Recommendation for successful FBG sensor integration is given, and the strain and temperature data is presented. The FBG sensor was placed on the inside of the coin cell between the electrodes and the separator layers towards the most electrochemically active area. On the outside, the temperature of the coin cell casing as well as the ambient temperature was recorded. Results show stable strain behavior within the cell and about 10 °C difference between the inside of the coin cell and the ambient environment over time during charging/discharging cycles. This study is intended to contribute to the safe integration of FBG sensors inside hermetically sealed batteries and to detection of real-time temperature and strain gradient inside a cell, ultimately improving reliability of current BMSs.
Highlights
During the past half-century, the widespread use of electronic devices has brought numerous benefits to scientific and intellectual advancement
This paper reports on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor integration inside Li-ion battery coin cells
This study is intended to contribute to the safe integration of FBG sensors inside hermetically sealed batteries and to detection of real-time temperature and strain gradient inside a cell
Summary
During the past half-century, the widespread use of electronic devices has brought numerous benefits to scientific and intellectual advancement. Rechargeable lithium batteries (LiBs) are an example of these advances, and the highest energy densities available on the market and recent advancements in materials have made them the most reliable. Li-ion batteries have become the most important energy-storage device for many applications such as cellular phones, mobile computers, and medical, aerospace, and military devices, and are the leading contender to power all electric cars. Batteries are the primary energy source for aircraft power and operation where monitoring energy storage, usage, and potential failures is critical to all Energies 2017, 10, 838; doi:10.3390/en10070838 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies. Many of these electronic applications require rechargeable or secondary batteries that can offer long cycle life, high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, and high power capabilities [1,2]
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