Abstract
A glucose biosensor was utilized as a platform for the time-temperature integrator (TTI), a device for intelligent food packaging. The TTI system is composed of glucose oxidase, glucose, a pH indicator, and a three-electrode potentiostat, which produces an electrical signal as well as color development. The reaction kinetics of these response variables were analyzed under isothermal conditions. The reaction rates of the electrical current and color changes were 0.0360 ± 0.0020 (95% confidence limit), 0.0566 ± 0.0026, 0.0716 ± 0.0024, 0.1073 ± 0.0028 µA/min, and 0.0187 ± 0.0005, 0.0293 ± 0.0018, 0.0363 ± 0.0012, 0.0540 ± 0.0019 1/min, at 5, 15, 25, and 35 °C, respectively. The Arrhenius activation energy of the current reaction (Eacurrent) was 25.0 ± 1.6 kJ/mol and the Eacolor of the color reactions was 24.2 ± 0.6 kJ/mol. The similarity of these Ea shows agreement in the prediction of food qualities between the electrical signal and color development. Consequently, the function of the new time-temperature integrator system could be extended to that of a biosensor compatible with any electrical utilization equipment.
Highlights
In the course of modernization, there has been a global expansion of food distribution systems.Because the quality and safety of chilled and frozen foods are strongly influenced by temperature, the monitoring of time-temperature history throughout the entire distribution chain is necessary [1].Commercially available monitoring devices include temperature data loggers, time-temperature integrators (TTIs), smart radio frequency identification, and others
The TTI is a colorimetric label attached to food packages, which exhibits visual color changes depending on the time-temperature history, predicting the food quality status
TTI is an indicator, whose response is a color change showing the status of Conventional TTI is an indicator, whose response is a color change showing the status of packaged food qualities
Summary
Because the quality and safety of chilled and frozen foods are strongly influenced by temperature, the monitoring of time-temperature history throughout the entire distribution chain is necessary [1]. Available monitoring devices include temperature data loggers, time-temperature integrators (TTIs), smart radio frequency identification (smart-RFID), and others. The TTI is a colorimetric label attached to food packages, which exhibits visual color changes depending on the time-temperature history, predicting the food quality status. The performance of TTIs for monitoring food deterioration due to the temperature abuse during the storage or distribution has been successful in many cases such as kimchi [5], frozen vegetables [6,7], fish products [8,9,10,11], meat products [12,13,14], mushrooms [15], and dairy products [16,17]
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