Abstract
A spallation target is one of the three core parts of the accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS), which has already been investigated for decades. Recently, a gravity-driven Dense Granular-flow Target (DGT) is proposed, which consists of a cylindrical hopper and an internal coaxial cylindrical beam pipe. The research on the flow rate and free surface are important for the design of the target whether in Heavy Liquid Metal (HLM) targets or the DGT. In this paper, the relations of flow rate and the geometry of the DGT are investigated. Simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM) implementing on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and experiments are both performed. It is found that the existence of an internal pipe doesn’t influence the flow rate when the distance from the bottom of the pipe to orifice is large enough even in a larger system. Meanwhile, snapshots of the free surface formed just below the beam pipe are given. It is observed that the free surface is stable over time. The entire research is meaningful for the design of DGT.
Highlights
The accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) (Fig 1B) consists of mainly three parts: an accelerator, which can provide high-intensity and high-energy proton beam; a spallation target, which can produce neutrons during the bombarding of the proton beam; a subcritical blanket, using the neutrons from spallation target to maintain nuclear reaction and transmuting minor actinides
As reported by Riemer et al, the spallation targets can be divided into three categories: I, static solid targets, which are used in early designs in KENS, IPNS, WNR, ISIS; II, liquid targets such as in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ) in Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and in Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC); III, the moving solid targets, including the wheel concept in Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), the European Spallation Source (ESS) and the newly
To study the Dense Granular-flow Target (DGT), a discrete element method (DEM) code performed on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) was developed by our group, in which Hertz model is adopted to simulate the contact of two grains
Summary
The accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) (Fig 1B) consists of mainly three parts: an accelerator, which can provide high-intensity and high-energy proton beam; a spallation target, which can produce neutrons during the bombarding of the proton beam; a subcritical blanket, using the neutrons from spallation target to maintain nuclear reaction and transmuting minor actinides. Great efforts have been devoted to the R&D of the complex system in the last 30 years [1,2,3,4]. As reported by Riemer et al, the spallation targets can be divided into three categories: I, static solid targets, which are used in early designs in KENS, IPNS, WNR, ISIS; II, liquid targets such as in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ) in Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and in Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC); III, the moving solid targets, including the wheel concept in Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), the European Spallation Source (ESS) and the newly. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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