Abstract
An ideal scaffold should be biocompatible, having appropriate microstructure, excellent mechanical strength yet degrades. Chitosan exhibits most of these exceptional properties, but it is always associated with sub-optimal cytocompatibility. This study aimed to incorporate graphene oxide at wt % of 0, 2, 4, and 6 into chitosan matrix via direct blending of chitosan solution and graphene oxide, freezing, and freeze drying. Cell fixation, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, alkaline phosphatase colorimetric assays were conducted to assess cell adhesion, proliferation, and early differentiation of MG63 on chitosan–graphene oxide scaffolds respectively. The presence of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteoblast differentiation marker, was further detected in chitosan–graphene oxide scaffolds using western blot. These results strongly supported that chitosan scaffolds loaded with graphene oxide at 2 wt % mediated cell adhesion, proliferation, and early differentiation due to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups of graphene oxide. Therefore, chitosan scaffolds loaded with graphene oxide at 2 wt % showed the potential to be developed into functional bone scaffolds.
Highlights
Tissue engineering was a novel solution to the misery underlying the limitations of the autografts and allografts approach in regenerating bone defect areas, either arising due to congenital anomalies or induced traumatically [1]
Biomaterials serve as biomimetic extracellular matrices (ECM) [4] which function as temporary scaffold for tissue development and regulate tissue-specific gene expression by releasing growth factors to the adjacent cells [5]
The surface of graphene oxide (GO) was observed with wrinkles and folds
Summary
Tissue engineering was a novel solution to the misery underlying the limitations of the autografts and allografts approach in regenerating bone defect areas, either arising due to congenital anomalies or induced traumatically [1]. Among interesting biological observations leading to the concept of tissue engineering is the in vitro genesis of tubular network that closely resembles the capillary vasculature in vivo from capillary endothelial cells under appropriate culture conditions [2]. The three main elements which constitute a tissue engineering construct are cells, biomaterials, and specific growth signals that dictate cell proliferation and differentiation into a specialized tissue [3]. Biomaterials serve as biomimetic extracellular matrices (ECM) [4] which function as temporary scaffold for tissue development and regulate tissue-specific gene expression by releasing growth factors to the adjacent cells [5]. Scaffolds made of natural polymers are highly sought-after
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