Abstract
A duplicate diet study was designed to explore the occurrence of 15 Fusarium mycotoxins in the 24 h-diet consumed by one volunteer as well as the levels of mycotoxins in his 24 h-collected urine. The employed methodology involved solvent extraction at high ionic strength followed by dispersive solid phase extraction and gas chromatography determination coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem. Satisfactory results in method performance were achieved. The method’s accuracy was in a range of 68%–108%, with intra-day relative standard deviation and inter-day relative standard deviation lower than 12% and 15%, respectively. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 8 µg/Kg. The matrix effect was evaluated and matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantitation. Only deoxynivalenol (DON) was quantified in both food and urine samples. A total DON daily intake amounted to 49.2 ± 5.6 µg whereas DON daily excretion of 35.2 ± 4.3 µg was determined. DON daily intake represented 68.3% of the established DON provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI). Valuable preliminary information was obtained as regards DON excretion and needs to be confirmed in large-scale monitoring studies.
Highlights
Cereals are the most important source of food for both direct human consumption and livestock production
The matrix effect was observed, and matrix-matched calibration curves were used for quantification purposes
Apparent recovery for each mycotoxin was determined in composite, beer and urine samples spiked at low and high level (Table 1)
Summary
Cereals are the most important source of food for both direct human consumption and livestock production. The latest published data by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reported an annually cereal global consumption (excluding beer) of 146.7 kg/capita [1]. Mycotoxins are secondary fungi metabolites produced in several commodities that could exert toxic effects on animals and humans [2] and mycotoxin contamination of cereals is frequently reported as a public health threat [3,4]. Acute exposures to mycotoxins are related to gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea, vomiting and melena, while chronic exposures and the most worrisome one are related to degenerative effects on the immune, neural and reproductive systems. Chronic exposure to some mycotoxins are related to cancer induction [5].
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