Abstract
Bisphenol-S (BS) has recently raised public concerns for its adverse effect on the health safety and ecological security. BS concentrations were detected in many water resources, ranging from 10 ng L−1 to 300 μg L−1, so that various purification techniques have been sought to remove BS. This study investigated the performance of ozonation and ferrate oxidation in the degradation of BS since they are both promising oxidants with high redox potential among water treatment chemicals. It was observed that both ozone and ferrate can achieve over 99% of BS concentration reduction and up to 22.5% of DOC reduction for dosing 0.036 mM of either ferrate or ozone. The vibrio fisheri toxicity exhibited a decline in the treated samples after ozonation or ferrate oxidation. According to the mass spectra analyzed, the degradation pathways were proposed and oxidation products (OPs) were identified. BS degradation by ozonation and ferrate oxidation followed a similar route and four common OPs (OP-249; OP-497-a; OP-497-b, and OP-201) were detected. While ferrate treatment produced one more intermediate (OP-217), ozonation did not, which is attributed to the intensified decomposition of BS by ozonation. The major impact of this study is that ferrate treatment is comparable to the ozonation in removing BS, and further research continuing from this study is necessary to explore the BS removal in various waters with more complex matrixes (e.g., high natural organic matter contents), to investigate BS degradation mechanisms in depth, and to conduct pilot-scale and full-scale trials to establish operational database in running ferrate oxidation and/or ozonation for the treatment of BS in practical world.
Highlights
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have received major public concerns in terms of their adverse effects on the water quality and public health
BS consists of phenol groups where both aromatic rings and hydroxylates are activated electron-rich moieties (ERMs)[18,31]
Ferrate and ozone can actively reacted with the abundant ERMs in the BS structures and a high BS degradation efficiency; greater than 99% (Table 2)
Summary
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have received major public concerns in terms of their adverse effects on the water quality and public health. Bisphenol-S (BS, or 4,4-sulfonyldiphenol) is regarded as a safe replacement to bisphenol-A due to its higher thermal stability and proposed high biodegradability[3,4,5], and has been widely used in the production of epoxy resins and used as a chemical additive to produce colourfast agents, leather tanning agent, dye dispersants and fiber improvers[6]. BS concentrations were detected in a range from 10 ng L−1 to 300 μg L−1 in many water resources including raw water and waste water effluent[9,10,11], which has caused concerns on the BS adverse effects on the aquatic environment and human health
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