Prehospital Intubation of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Dutch Nationwide Trauma Registry Analysis

Abstract

Objective Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are commonly intubated during prehospital treatment despite a lack of evidence that this is beneficial. Accumulating evidence even suggests that prehospital intubation may be hazardous, in particular when performed by inexperienced EMS clinicians. To expand the limited knowledge base, we studied the relationship between prehospital intubation and hospital mortality in patients with severe TBI in a large Dutch trauma database. We specifically hypothesized that the relationship differs depending on whether a physician-based emergency medical service (EMS) was involved in the treatment, as opposed to intubation by paramedics. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using the Dutch Nationwide Trauma Registry that includes all trauma patients in the Netherlands who are admitted to any hospital with an emergency department. All patients treated for severe TBI (Head Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥4) between January 2015 and December 2019 were selected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between prehospital intubation and mortality while adjusting for potential confounders. An interaction term between prehospital intubation and the involvement of physician-based EMS was added to the model. Complete case analysis as well as multiple imputation were performed. Results 8946 patients (62% male, median age 63 years) were analyzed. The hospital mortality was 26.4%. Overall, a relationship between prehospital intubation and higher mortality was observed (complete case: OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.35–2.57, p < 0.001; multiple imputation: OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.56–2.36, p < 0.001). Adding the interaction revealed that the relationship of prehospital intubation may depend on whether physician-based EMS is involved in the treatment (complete case: p = 0.044; multiple imputation: p = 0.062). Physician-based EMS involvement attenuated but did not completely remove the detrimental association between prehospital intubation and mortality. Conclusion The data do not support the common practice of prehospital intubation. The effect of prehospital intubation on mortality might depend on EMS clinician experience, and it seems prudent to involve prehospital personnel well proficient in prehospital intubation whenever intubation is potentially required. The decision to perform prehospital intubation should not merely be based on the largely unsupported dogma that it is generally needed in severe TBI, but should rather individually weigh potential benefits and harms.