Abstract
Archaeological work at the Browning site (4JSM195A) in eastern Smith County, Texas, has shown that it is a stratified site with two very distinct occupations: an early nineteenth century assemblage of artifacts in the upper zone overlying a buried prehistoric occupation. This occupation appears to be confined to the Woodland time period (ca. 500 B.C. to A.D. 800) with little evidence of any earlier or later prehistoric activity. The Woodland period in East Texas is a time of important cultural changes, "the most obvious (and most important?) of which is pottery-making and the bow and arrow." The main focus of the prehistoric occupation at the Browning site occurs in an organically enriched darker soil zone that is the result of either a continuous human occupation or frequent revisiting of this location, what Waters has described as archaeo-sediments resulting from human activity. This darker soil occupies the center of the landform and covers approximately 500m2 It contains charred wood, charred nut shell, lithic debris from stone tool manufacture/maintenance, and small amounts of burned and unburned animal bone. Other artifacts in this distinct soil zone include small dart points, mostly varieties of Gary; arrow points, mostly of the Friley and Steiner types; ground stone tools; and ceramics, primarily plain grog-tempered wares. Early work at the site included the excavation of 6.546 m3 of archaeological deposits from 10 1 x 1 m test units plus 22 shovel tests, resulting in the recovery of numerous historic and prehistoric artifacts, including eight Woodland period sherds. To date, excavations at the Browning site have totaled 20.4 m3 of archaeological deposits from 41 1 x 1m test units. The total amount of sherds associated with the Woodland occupation now totals 40 pieces. Those sherds, which are described in some detail and compared with other known sites, are the focus of this article. These sherds are scattered evenly across the occupation area in low densities.
Highlights
This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2009/iss1/39
Vertical stratification in the Browning site archaeological deposits indicates no significant differences in the depth of the dart points, arrow points, and ceramics, suggesting that these material remains are of the approximate same age in the Woodland period component; the number of arrow points found helow 40 em bs suggests that at the time of the initial occupation of the site, the Woodland period group had already adopted arrow points
The material culture from the Woodland period component at the Browning site is characterized by a large number of stone tools, mostly small Gary dart points and numerous well-made Friley and Steiner arrow points, and only a small amount of mostly plain grog-tempered sherds
Summary
Archaeological work at the Browning site (41SMI95A) in eastern Smith County, Texas, has shown that it is a stratified site with two very distinct occupations: an early nineteenth century assemhlage of artifacts in the upper zone overlying a buried prehistoric occupation (Walters 2004a, 2004b) This occupation appears to be confined to the Woodland time period The main focus of the prehistoric occupation at the Browning site occurs in an organically enriched darker soil zone that is the result of either a continuous human occupation or frequent revisiting of this location, what Waters ( 1996) has described as archaeo-sediments resulting from human activity This darker soil occupies the center of the landform and covers approximately 500m2 It contains charred wood, charred nut shell, lithic debris from stone tool manufacture/maintenance, and small amounts of burned and unburned animal bone. Vertical stratification in the Browning site archaeological deposits indicates no significant differences in the depth of the dart points, arrow points, and ceramics, suggesting that these material remains are of the approximate same age in the Woodland period component; the number of arrow points found helow 40 em bs suggests that at the time of the initial occupation of the site, the Woodland period group had already adopted arrow points
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