Pregnancy in kidney transplantation women: perinatal outcomes and impact on kidney function

Abstract

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies after kidney transplant (KT) and the impact of pregnancy on graft function. Methods A descriptive and retrospective case-control study included 43 pregnancies in women after KT, followed in our institution, from January 1991 to December 2019. The control group included 200 non-transplanted pregnant women. Statistical analysis used SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), and a p value of .05 was considered statistically significant. Results We studied 43 pregnancies in 37 KT women. The live birth rate of KT pregnant was 81.4%. The mean interval between transplantation and pregnancy was 4.6 years (range 1–16). We found a higher rate of obstetric complications in pregnancies after KT: miscarriage (14.0%, OR 6.7 (2.0–22.1), p < .001), preeclampsia (31.4%, OR 25.7 (7.7–85.3), p < .001), and fetal growth restriction (37.1%, OR 37.6 (9.9–142.3), p < .001). The rate of urogenital infections and anemia during pregnancy was higher in the KT group (p < .001). The gestational age at delivery was 35.0 ± 2.8 weeks and premature delivery was observed in 24 (68.6%) cases. The cesarean rate was higher in the KT group (p < .001). In the KT group, there were two neonatal deaths due to prematurity complications. Renal function deterioration, measured by serum creatinine levels, was observed in two pregnancies. Immunosuppressive therapy was used in all pregnancies after KT, and dosage escalation of immunosuppressive therapy was necessary for 69.8%. Conclusions A higher rate of adverse obstetric outcomes was found in KT pregnant. Kidney function remained stable in most pregnancies. An antenatal and postpartum multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve outcomes and minimization of complications.