Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one of the most important herbivores in a broad range of cultivated plants, including cotton, cereals, vegetables, and fruit crops in China. In this manuscript, we report on a 6-year long study in which (adult) A. lucorum abundance was recorded on 174 plant species from 39 families from early July to mid-September. Through the study period per year, the proportion of flowering plants exploited by adult A. lucorum was significantly greater than that of non-flowering plants. For a given plant species, A. lucorum adults reached peak abundance at the flowering stage, when the plant had the greatest attraction to the adults. More specifically, mean adult abundance on 26 species of major host plants and their relative standard attraction were 10.3–28.9 times and 9.3–19.5 times higher at flowering stage than during non-flowering periods, respectively. Among all the tested species, A. lucorum adults switched food plants according to the succession of flowering plant species. In early July, A. lucorum adults preferred some plant species in bloom, such as Vigna radiata, Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus and Chrysanthemum coronarium; since late July, adults dispersed into other flowering hosts (e.g. Ricinus communis, Impatiens balsamina, Humulus scandens, Ocimum basilicum, Agastache rugosus and Coriandrum sativum); in early September, they largely migrated to flowering Artemisia spp. (e.g. A. argyi, A. lavandulaefolia, A. annua and A. scoparia). Our findings underscore the important role of flowering plays in the population dynamics and inter-plant migration of this mirid bug. Also, our work helps understand evolutionary aspects of host plant use in polyphagous insects such as A. lucorum, and provides baseline information for the development of sustainable management strategies of this key agricultural pest.
Highlights
Agricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats, providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [1,2]
The proportions of flowering and non-flowering plants exploited by A. lucorum adults were 50.0–100.0% and 11.3–31.8% in early July, 48.7–95.8% and 10.1–58.3% in late July, 63.6–98.4% and 4.8– 51.7% in early August, 71.0–96.4% and 10.9–45.0% in late August, and 73.9–96.3% and 18.2–63.2% in early September, respectively (Table 2)
A. lucorum exhibited a clear preference for flowering plants and switched food plants according to the succession of different flowering plant species in the local agro-ecosystem [22,25]
Summary
Agricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats, providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [1,2]. Most polyphagous plant-feeding insects ephemerally exploit suitable host plants and habitats, but engage in host plant switching to locate new, more suitable hosts [1,4,5]. One advantage of such periodic host switching is that it permits continuous exploitation of a nutrient-diverse diet, thereby improving survival and reproduction [1,6,7]. An in-depth assessment of host plant preferences of polyphagous insects is central to understanding their seasonal dynamics on a particular plant species and their movement between plants and habitats across the agricultural landscape
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