Preemptive Analgesia With Oxycodone Is Associated With More Pain Following Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract

BackgroundPreemptive multimodal analgesia (PMA) is a commonly used technique to control pain following total joint arthroplasty. PMA protocols use multiple analgesics immediately preoperatively to prevent central sensitization and amplification of pain during surgery. While benefits of some individual components of a PMA protocol have been established, there are little data to support inclusion or exclusion of opioids in this context. MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of 550 patients undergoing elective, primary total joint arthroplasty at a single institution using a standardized preoperative perioperative protocol. Two hundred seventy-five patients received oxycodone in addition to a standard multimodal preoperative analgesia regimen just before surgery and were compared to a matched cohort of 275 patients who received the standard regimen alone. Outcome measures included inpatient visual analog scale pain scores, inpatient opioid consumption, length of stay, and ambulation distance with physical therapy. ResultsPatients who received opioids in preoperative holding reported significantly greater visual analog scale pain scores on postoperative day 1 (3.7 vs 3.1; P = .01), when compared to those who did not. These patients also walked shorter distances on postoperative day 0 (59.5’ vs 125.7’; P < .001) and consumed greater morphine equivalents per hospital day over the course of their hospital stay (52.2 vs 37.2 mg; P < .001). These differences remained significant when stratified by procedure, total knee arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty. Differences in pain and function between groups were more pronounced in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty than those undergoing total knee arthroplasty. ConclusionTotal joint patients who were given preemptive opioids immediately before surgery experienced more pain, consumed more postoperative opioids, and exhibited impaired early function as compared to those who were not given preemptive opioids. Orthopedic surgeons should reconsider routine use of preemptive opioids in this context.