Predisposing risk factors for cleft lip and palate in an Amazonian population by focusing on nutritional factors: A case-control study

Abstract

BackgroundOrofacial clefts (OFC) are the most common congenital malformation of the craniofacial skeleton. Attempts have been made to correlate the components of maternal diet as triggers for the development or prevention of OFC. ObjectiveTo analyze nutritional status as a predictive factor for the development of cleft lip and palate in an Amazonian population. MethodsA total of 152 mothers within 3 months of delivery were interviewed for comparison: 51 mothers of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (CLP) (study group) and 101 mothers of children without OFC (control group). A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess maternal nutrition and to analyze the influence of macro- and micronutrients on the possible predisposition or protection for CLP. ResultsThe study group showed higher percentage of lipid intake than did the control group (p = 0.01). Among the participants with no family history of OFC, the study group had a higher percentage of lipid intake (p = 0.002) and lower vegetable intake (p = 0.037). Maternal micronutrient intake among the participants with a positive family history was lower in the study group for vitamins B2 (p = 0.03), B5 (p = 0.036), E (p = 0.03), and folate (p = 0.022). ConclusionsNutritional analysis indicated that higher maternal lipid intake increased the likelihood of having offsprings with nonsyndromic CLP. Moreover, families with a history of OFC and low maternal folate intake showed heightened risk of nonsyndromic CLP in their offsprings.