Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify socio-demographic and home environmental predictors of shorter sleep in early childhood, and to examine whether effects were mediated by the timing of bedtime or wake time. MethodsParticipants were from Gemini, a British birth cohort of twins, and included 1702 children; one randomly selected from each twin pair. Parents reported night-time sleep duration at an average age of 15.8months (range 14–27months) using a modified version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of shorter sleep for this study. ResultsUsing a cut-off of <11h a night, shorter sleep was reported in 14.1% of children. Lower maternal education, non-white ethnic background, being male, low birth weight, living in a home with >1 older child and watching >1h of TV in the evening were independently associated with shorter sleep. Mediation analyses showed that associations between education, ethnicity, evening TV viewing and sleep were driven predominantly by later bedtimes, while sex differences were driven predominantly by earlier wake times in boys. ConclusionIn this sample, multiple environmental factors were associated with shorter sleep in young children, with several operating predominantly through later bedtime. An emphasis on the importance of an early and consistent bedtime could help promote healthy sleep and reduce inequalities in child health.
Highlights
In early childhood, insufficient sleep at night can impair learning and memory [1] and disrupt emotional regulation [2]
There was no significant association between daytime and night-time sleep duration, indicating that shorter night-time sleepers are not compensating during the day
Shorter night-time sleep was more common in children from ethnic minority families and families where the mother had less education
Summary
Insufficient sleep at night can impair learning and memory [1] and disrupt emotional regulation [2]. It is increasingly being shown to be associated with adverse health outcomes, notably an increased risk of obesity [3]. There are currently no clinical recommendations to define optimal sleep in early childhood [5], but sleeping
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