Predictors of postpartum viral load rebound in a cohort of HIV-infected Brazilian women

Abstract

Objective To assess the postpartum viral load of HIV-infected women treated with potent antiretrovirals (ARVs) during pregnancy, and look for predictors of viral load rebound. Methods Of 112 women who took potent ARVs during pregnancy, 60 took them as prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The remaining 52, who had AIDS, were treated continuously with ARVs before, during, and after pregnancy. Viral load was evaluated in the weeks before, just before, and after delivery. Viral load rebound was defined as a 0.5 log 10 increase in viral RNA as measured 6 months after delivery. Results A viral load rebound affected women much more often in the prophylaxis than in the treatment group (84.7% vs 15.3%; P < 0.001), and was associated with ARV discontinuation. The women with a viral load rebound had a higher decline in CD4 lymphocyte percentage 6 months after delivery. On multivariate analysis, variables positively or negatively associated with a viral load rebound were a decline in CD4 lymphocyte count ( P = 0.01), the therapeutic use of potent ARVs ( P < 0.001), and the number of prenatal visits ( P = 0.03). Conclusion Discontinuing the use of potent ARVs after delivery was associated with a decrease in CD4 lymphocyte count and a viral load rebound.