Predictors of late spontaneous miscarriage: new aspects of an old problem: A review

Abstract

The main objective of this paper was to review the current studies that consider changes in concentrations of various biologically active substances at the local and systemic levels (cervical mucus/amniotic fluid and serum) as predictors of late spontaneous miscarriage. Many biological markers, such as proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins [IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1] and tumor necrosis factor ), are considered prognostic markers. Changes in their concentrations in various biological media (serum, cervical mucus, amniotic fluid) may indicate a cellular immunological imbalance in the "motherplacentafetus" system, which is often the main pathogenesis link of late spontaneous miscarriage. Changes in concentrations of fetoplacental complex hormones such as progesterone, estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin have also been described. The concentrations of hypoxia-induced factor HIF1a in amniotic fluid and exosomal HIF1a in patients with cervical incompetence as one of the most common causes of late spontaneous miscarriage are presented as markers. Thus, the review shows the role of changes in concentrations of various biologically active substances at local and systemic levels (cervical mucus/amniotic fluid and serum) as predictors of late spontaneous miscarriage. The following methodology was used during work on the article: selection of publications using modern information databases, analysis of the obtained information, systematization of materials, and presentation of conclusions. An electronic search was conducted using publications identified in the following databases: eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, and PubMed.