Predictors of Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Asymptomatic, Colonized Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Asymptomatic patients colonized with Clostridioides difficile are at risk of developing C. difficile infection (CDI), but the factors associated with disease onset are poorly understood. Our aims were to identify predictors of hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI) among colonized patients and to explore the potential benefits of primary prophylaxis to prevent CDI. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary academic institution. Colonized patients were identified by detecting the tcdB gene by polymerase chain reaction on a rectal swab. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of HO-CDI. There were 19 112 patients screened, from which 960 (5%) colonized patients were identified: 513 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 39 (7.6%) developed a HO-CDI, with a 30-day attributable mortality of 15%. An increasing length of stay (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per day, 1.03; P = .006), exposure to multiple classes of antibiotics (aOR per class, 1.45; P = .02), use of opioids (aOR, 2.78; P = .007), and cirrhosis (aOR 5.49; P = .008) were independently associated with increased risks of HO-CDI, whereas the use of laxatives was associated with a lower risk of CDI (aOR 0.36; P = .01). Among the antimicrobials, B-lactam with B-lactamase inhibitors (OR 3.65; P < .001), first-generation cephalosporins (OR 2.38; P = .03), and carbapenems (OR 2.44; P = .03) correlated with the greatest risk of HO-CDI. By contrast, patient age, the use of proton pump inhibitors, and the use of primary prophylaxis were not significant predictors of HO-CDI. This study identifies several factors that are associated with CDI among colonized patients. Whether modifying these variables could decrease the risk of CDI should be investigated.