Abstract
Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) are a series of actions to be taken to ensure product consumption safety. In food poisoning risk management, researchers in the field of predictive microbiology calculate the values that provide minimum stress (e.g., temperature and contact time in heating) for sufficient microbe inactivation based on mathematical models. HACCP has also been employed for health risk management in sanitation safety planning (SSP), but the application of predictive microbiology to water-related pathogens is difficult because the variety of pathogen types and the complex composition of the wastewater matrix does not allow us to make a simple mathematical model to predict inactivation efficiency. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to construct predictive inactivation curves using free chlorine for enteric viruses based on a hierarchical Bayesian model using parameters such as water quality. Our model considered uncertainty among virus disinfection tests and difference in genotype-dependent sensitivity of a virus to disinfectant. The proposed model makes it possible to identify critical disinfection stress capable of reducing virus concentration that is below the tolerable concentration to ensure human health.
Highlights
Wastewater reclamation and reuse have become essential to address the issue of water shortage, but reclaimed and reused wastewater may contain contaminants hazardous to human health
We established the predictive water virology to predict the virus inactivation efficiency in wastewater in order to fit into the sanitation safety planning (SSP) (HACCP) approach
To construct the predictive inactivation model, hierarchical Bayesian modeling was used for the prediction of EFH model parameters with water-quality data and mostly showed better prediction than generalized linear modeling, which implied the existence of genotype-dependent sensitivity to free chlorine and uncertainty among virus disinfection tests
Summary
Wastewater reclamation and reuse have become essential to address the issue of water shortage, but reclaimed and reused wastewater may contain contaminants hazardous to human health. The. World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended sanitation safety planning (SSP) for health risk management in wastewater reclamation and reuse, publishing the rules for its use in 2015 [1]. SSP is a scheme for the safe use of excreta, wastewater, and graywater [2]. SSP applied the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) approach to risk management. Tsoukalas and Tsitsifli pointed out that the HACCP approach was useful to identify the potential hazards in water treatment processes and was able to determine preventive-corrective actions to reduce the risk to health due to hazardous contaminants [6]
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