Abstract
In a previous paper, a number of potential models for short-term water demand (STWD) prediction have been analysed to find the ones with the best fit. The results obtained in Anele et al. (2017) showed that hybrid models may be considered as the accurate and appropriate forecasting models for STWD prediction. However, such best single valued forecast does not guarantee reliable and robust decisions, which can be properly obtained via model uncertainty processors (MUPs). MUPs provide an estimate of the full predictive densities and not only the single valued expected prediction. Amongst other MUPs, the purpose of this paper is to use the multi-variate version of the model conditional processor (MCP), proposed by Todini (2008), to demonstrate how the estimation of the predictive probability conditional to a number of relatively good predictive models may improve our knowledge, thus reducing the predictive uncertainty (PU) when forecasting into the unknown future. Through the MCP approach, the probability distribution of the future water demand can be assessed depending on the forecast provided by one or more deterministic forecasting models. Based on an average weekly data of 168 h, the probability density of the future demand is built conditional on three models’ predictions, namely the autoregressive-moving average (ARMA), feed-forward back propagation neural network (FFBP-NN) and hybrid model (i.e., combined forecast from ARMA and FFBP-NN). The results obtained show that MCP may be effectively used for real-time STWD prediction since it brings out the PU connected to its forecast, and such information could help water utilities estimate the risk connected to a decision.
Highlights
The variation of the water consumption pattern during the day and week is due to several factors, namely climatic and geographic conditions, commercial and social conditions of people, population growth, technical innovation, cost of supply and condition of water distribution system (WDS) [1,2]
Several predictive models have been proposed to solve water utility operational decision problems [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. It has been reported in the scientific literature that predicting with hybrid models gives the best forecast for short-term water demand (STWD) prediction [2,12,13,14,15]
Afterwards, the probability density of the future demand is built based on the forecasts generated by autoregressive-moving average (ARMA), feed-forward back propagation neural network (FFBP-NN) and the hybrid model
Summary
The variation of the water consumption pattern during the day and week is due to several factors, namely climatic and geographic conditions, commercial and social conditions of people, population growth, technical innovation, cost of supply and condition of water distribution system (WDS) [1,2]. Based on the above information, the main contribution of this paper is to apply the MCP approach to demonstrate how a number of comparatively good (or well performing) deterministic models, namely autoregressive-moving average (ARMA), FFBP-NN and hybrid model (combined forecast from ARMA and FFBP-NN) may improve our knowledge, estimating the predictive uncertainty when forecasting into the unknown future. This motivation is based on the fact that these models (e.g., hybrid model) are better deterministic models in the current state of the art [2], and have not been tested in assessing the predictive density in another paper before in this perspective. The hybrid model, a linear combination between the ARMA and FFBP-NN models, has a high correlation with the observations and to a lesser extent with the single ARMA and FFBP-NN models, which allows for the provision of a small amount of important additional information
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