Abstract
Background:
 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved to be effective in treating ureterolithiasis. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors related to success ESWL among patient presented with renal stone.
 Methods: 
 A retrospective study was conducted among 40 patients who underwent ESWL at the urology department, Baquba Teaching Hospital, Diyala University, Iraq. Data was collected between1st October 2018 and 31st January 2019 for renal stones diagnosed by non-enhanced spiral computed tomography (NCCT). The success rate defined as no stone or the remnant stones < 4 mm. We analyzed predictive factors by using multiple linear regression.
 Results: 
 The success rates ranged from 50-90%. In the univariate analysis, body mass index (BMI), skin-to-stone distance (SSD)and the renal stone-attenuation value (in Hounsfield units, HU) were found to be significantly correlated with the outcome of ESWL (p<0.05). However, in the multiple linear regression, only the HU (B = -0.619, P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.03 to 0.07) was theindependent predictive factor.
 Conclusion: 
 Hounsfield Unit is an independent predictive factor influencing the success of ESWL for treating renal stones.
Highlights
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved to be effective in treating ureterolithiasis
When there was a large fragment with a long diameter >4 mm, ESWL was tried repeatedly until each fragment became smaller than 4 mm
Most of the patients presented with left side (22, 55.0%) renal stone with a mean stone size of 11.48 (±2.23) and average skin-to-stone distance of 80.23(±1.76) mm
Summary
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved to be effective in treating ureterolithiasis. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors related to success ESWL among patient presented with renal stone. The incidence rate is increasing at the global level regardless of region, race, gender, and age [1]. Diagnosis often delayed when the stone is large enough to affect the function of the urinary tract system [2]. The significant change in lifestyle and bad dietary habits have emerged as other complicating factors in the way of treatment [3]. The lack of awareness about the causes and the risk of urinary tract stones among most people [4]. There is a misconception that when removing stone by any way of treatment means full recovery. The recurrence rate is high [5]. The magnitude of ureterolithiasis goes beyond the health and psychological impact on serious economic and social
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