Abstract
Renewable energy (RE) is one of the solutions to rising energy demands and growing environmental concerns. However, due to the intrinsic intermittency of RE resources, generated power is irregular and the supplied energy is intermittent. Intermittency renders RE systems non-dispatchable and can cause energy surplus and shortage. RE surplus can translate into curtailment and shortage can cause supply and demand issues. Curtailment wastes RE and supply and demand issues result in loss of load compromising service quality and system reliability. Battery energy storage system (BESS) is the widely accepted solution to mitigate the negative impacts of intermittency. However, this solution has relied on the conventional energy management and control (EMC) techniques that: 1) cause curtailment, 2) cause supply and demand issues, 3) cannot exploit BESS potential, 4) use RE passively (if and when available), and (5) are suitable only for readily dispatchable generation systems. This work proposes predictive EMC (PEMC) over conventional EMC (CEMC) to predictively perform EMC of RE systems (photovoltaic (PV) and wind) plus BESS (RE-BESS). PEMC predictively optimizes resources, makes control decisions and manages RE system operations based on the present and future (forecasted) load (or commitments) and RE potential over 24 hours horizon. PEMC 1) minimizes curtailment (maximize RE proportions), 2) minimizes supply and demand issues, 3) exploits BESS potential, 4) uses RE proactively (instead of operating on the mercy of weather), 5) compensates for forecast errors, and 6) maximizes savings (or revenue).
Highlights
4.2 Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) Market4.3 Wind – Battery energy storage system (BESS) Model4.4 Proposed PEMCC Model
Results show that the proposed predictive energy management and control system (PEMC) with forecasted PV, load demand, and predicatively estimated BESS status can reduce the cost of electricity by reducing consumption from the grid
If PV is greater than PD, the surplus PV energy is stored across BESS if room available, otherwise it is curtailed and wasted
Summary
4.2 IESO Market4.3 Wind – BESS Model4.4 Proposed PEMCC Model. 1.1 INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental concerns and global warming, the ever growing prices of scarce and exhausting fossil fuels, increasing energy demand, lack of access to power and/or power grid, coupled with aging grid infrastructures, reliability and security concerns are all pushing towards renewable energy (RE). This chapter focuses on PEMC of PV – BESS microgrid to minimize curtailment and increase PV proportions in a weak grid with planned periodic load shedding to increase its energy supply reliability (2nd scenario). PV – BESS microgrid can be better exploited and PV share can be increased in the grid if PEMC based on PV potential and load forecast with periodic load shedding schedule over the 24h is used. This work considers WAPDA as a case of weak grid with periodic load shedding of 3 hours/day from 11 AM to 2 PM, 7 days a week, 365 days a year to show the effectiveness of PEMC for grid-tied PV – BESS microgrid. This chapter focuses on PEMC plus Communication (PEMCC) of Wind – BESS connected to grid for day-ahead-commitment (DAC) delivery, smoother power injection and gird support (3rd scenario). The rest of the chapter is organized as: (4.2) IESO Market, (4.3) Wind – BESS Model, (4.4) Proposed
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