Prediction of the Tertiary Structure of the β-Secretase Zymogen

Abstract

β-Secretase, also known as BACE, is a transmembrane aspartyl protease, which generates the N terminus of Alzheimer's disease amyloid β-peptide. The activity of β-secretase is the rate-limiting step of brain plaques production in vivo, and hence is a potential target for disease modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease. To better understand the mechanism of action of β-secretase and help explore novel strategies for drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease, it is important to elucidate the three-dimensional structure of its zymogen. Based on the X-ray structure of the enzyme's protease domain and the X-ray structure of pepsinogen, a model of the three-dimensional structure of the β-secretase zymogen has been constructed. Comparison of the computed structure of pro-BACE with X-ray structures of pepsinogen and progastricsin (two other pro-aspartyl proteases) reveals a significant difference in the relationship of the pro-segment to the catalytic aspartates. In both pepsinogen and progastricsin a lysine side-chain in the pro-segment forms a salt bridge to the two catalytic aspartates, occupying the position normally occupied by a catalytic water. In the pro-BACE model there is no salt bridge, and the corresponding residue—a proline—does not interact at all with the catalytic residues. These findings can be used to elucidate the recent observations that the pro-domain of β-secretase does not suppress activity as in a strict zymogen but does appear to facilitate proper folding of an active protease domain. The predicted three-dimensional structure of β-secretase zymogen and the relevant findings might also provide useful insights for rational design of effective drugs against Alzheimer's disease.