Abstract
The Langelier pH s equation, first described in 1936, is used to approximate the pH at which a water would be in equilibrium with CaCO 3. This equation uses typical water analyses and includes effects of non-ideal activity. The Langelier equation is used to estimate pH s for industrial cooling waters where ion association behavior may be significant. Association reactions in waters typical of industrial cooling waters were investigated in the current work using a computer model to solve the simultaneous equations describing the system. The calculated pH s was considerably altered when sulfate was above about 1000 mg l −1. Based on these findings, a correction term for the Langelier equation was developed that is applicable to cooling waters. Finally, a method is described that enables practical application of ion association theory to the estimation of pH s. The proposed correction should be accurate for pH from 6.5 to 9.7 and to 0.5 M ionic strength.
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