Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex condition brought on for many reasons, and its prevalence is rising gradually around the world. Xanthii Fructus (XF) has been used in the treatment of CRS for decades and is effective. The chemical and pharmacological profiles of XF, on the other hand, are still unknown and need to be clarified. The potential mechanisms of XF in CRS treatment were investigated using a network pharmacology approach in this study. OB and DL were in charge of screening the bioactive components in XF and drug-likeness. TCMSP and PubChem databases were used to identify prospective XF proteins, whereas GeneCards and the DisGeNET database were used to identify potential CRS genes. An interactive network of XF and CRS is built using the STRING database based on common goals identified by the online tool Venny. Cytoscape was used to visualize the topological characteristics of nodes, while the biological function pathways were identified by GO Knowledge Base, KEGG. There were 26 bioactive components and 115 potential targets in XF that bind to CRS or are considered therapeutically relevant. Five significant signaling pathways have been found for CRS by the pathway analysis including the HIF-1 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We simultaneously confirmed that the PI3K-Akt pathway promotes the development of CRS. Finally, this study took a holistic approach to the pharmacological actions and molecular mechanisms of XF in the treatment of CRS. TNF, INS, CCL2, CXCL8, IL-10, VEGFA, and IL-6 have all been identified as potential targets for anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting effects. This network pharmacology prediction could be useful in manifesting the molecular mechanisms of the Chinese herbal compound XF for CRS.
Highlights
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation of the nasal and sinus, which has a complex etiology including immunological and epithelial barrier components affected by the microbiota, environment, and genetic factors, while the course of CRS is more than 12 weeks [1]
Compounds influence biological activity at both the transcriptional and protein levels by binding to certain molecular targets. e chemicaltarget interaction was necessary for elucidating the mode of compound action, which was obtained from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database and the PubChem database [14]. e PubChem database was used to capture the top 100 most frequent target genes for each active compound through the “ChemicalGene Co-Occurrences in Literature” module. e standardization of gene names is according to the UniProt database [15]. e targets of Xanthii Fructus (XF) were obtained after removing the duplicate targets
Based on the oral bioavailability (OB) and DL values, the TCMSP database was searched to locate 26 active components. e active compounds were supplanted by numbers to facilitate future data analysis
Summary
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation of the nasal and sinus, which has a complex etiology including immunological and epithelial barrier components affected by the microbiota, environment, and genetic factors, while the course of CRS is more than 12 weeks [1]. CRS has many chronic symptoms including congestion, stuffiness, nasal discharge, discomfort or face pressure, loss of smell (anosmia), cough, and exhaustion [2]. The prevalence of CRS, as defined by the European Position Paper on Sinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) symptoms, is 8% in China [3], while 11% in Europe and 12%. E therapy, which includes rationally using systemic corticosteroids, specific immunotherapy, surgical approach, antibiotic adequacy, and administration of recently authorized biologics, is still up for discussion [5]. It inevitably prolongs the treatment, and consumes significant direct medical expenditures, renders the patient incompetent, and causes several indirect costs to society [6]. Traditional Chinese medicine’s (TCM)’ distinctive effects evoked the interest of domestic intellectuals and had stirred up the interest of the worldwide community [7]. e
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