Year-end Sale % OFF 
Abstract
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been proven to be promising in non-invasive therapies, in which precise prediction of the focused ultrasound field is crucial for its accurate and safe application. Although the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) equation has been widely used in the calculation of the nonlinear acoustic field of HIFU, some deviations still exist when it comes to dispersive medium. This problem also exists as an obstacle to the Westervelt model and the Spherical Beam Equation. Considering that the KZK equation is the most prevalent model in HIFU applications due to its accurate and simple simulation algorithms, there is an urgent need to improve its performance in dispersive medium. In this work, a modified KZK (mKZK) equation derived from a fractional order derivative is proposed to calculate the nonlinear acoustic field in a dispersive medium. By correcting the power index in the attenuation term, this model is capable of providing improved prediction accuracy, especially in the axial position of the focal area. Simulation results using the obtained model were further compared with the experimental results from a gel phantom. Good agreements were found, indicating the applicability of the proposed model. The findings of this work will be helpful in making more accurate treatment plans for HIFU therapies, as well as facilitating the application of ultrasound in acoustic hyperthermia therapy.
Highlights
Pioneering clinical studies of focused ultrasound were carried out as early as the1940s [1,2], it did not attract intensive research interest until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century, during which several theoretical models were developed, improved and broadly accepted [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
In order to verify the validity of the modified model, the modified KZK (mKZK) equation was used to predict the sound field distributions generated from the transducer
high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology based on the KZK equation calculation has been widely accepted and used in the clinical setting and transducer designs, the absence of an accurate theory to predict the sound field inevitably limits the application of the ultrasound focusing
Summary
Pioneering clinical studies of focused ultrasound were carried out as early as the1940s [1,2], it did not attract intensive research interest until the end of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century, during which several theoretical models were developed, improved and broadly accepted [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. One of the challenges confronting HIFU treatments is the spatial precision of tissue ablation. Several techniques such as ultrasound B-Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have been combined with HIFU to achieve real-time monitoring of focal areas [17,18,19,20]. With these methods, the actual focal profiles were usually found to deviate from those predicted through theoretical models [21,22]. As was indicated by Petrusca et al, the shift of the focal point away from the prescribed
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
