Prediction of bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs: reduction of lumbar punctures

Abstract

Physicians often have to perform a lumbar puncture to ascertain the diagnosis in patients with meningeal signs, because of the serious consequences of missing bacterial meningitis. The aim of this study was to derive and validate a clinical rule to predict bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs, to guide decisions on the performance of lumbar punctures. Information was collected from records of patients (aged 1 mo to 15 y) consulting the emergency department of the Sophia Children's Hospital between 1988 and 1998 with meningeal signs. Bacterial meningitis was defined as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leucocyte count >5 cells microl(-1) with a positive bacterial culture of CSF or blood. The diagnostic value of predictors was judged using multivariate logistic modelling and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC area). In the derivation set (286 patients, years 1988-1995) the duration of the main complaint, vomiting, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae and disturbed consciousness were independent clinical predictors of bacterial meningitis. The ROC area of this model was 0.92. The only independent predictor from subsequent laboratory tests was the serum C-reactive protein concentration, increasing the ROC area to 0.95. Without missing a single case, this final model identified 99 patients (35%) without bacterial meningitis. Validation on 74 consecutive patients in 3 subsequent years (1996-1998) yielded similar results. This prediction rule identifies about 35% of the patients with meningeal signs in whom a lumbar puncture can be withheld without missing a single case of bacterial meningitis. For the individual patient this prediction rule is valuable in deciding whether or not to perform a lumbar puncture.