Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate if anthropometric features can predict the depth of the soleus muscle, as assessed with ultrasound imaging, in a sample of healthy individuals to assist clinicians in the application of dry needling. A diagnostic study to calculate the accuracy of a prediction model for soleus muscle depth, as assessed with ultrasonography, in the middle-third and distal-third of the calf, based on anthropometric features such as age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), calf length, mid-third and distal-third calf girth, was conducted on 48 asymptomatic healthy subjects (75% male) involving a total of 96 calves. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine which variables contributed significantly to the variance in the soleus muscle depth at middle-third and distal-third of the calf by gender. Women were found to have a deeper soleus muscle than men (p < 0.001). Weight, height, BMI, and mid-third calf perimeter explained 69.9% of variance in men, whereas mid-third calf perimeter, calf length, height, and distal-third calf girth explained 73% of the variance in women of the distal-third soleus depth (p < 0.001). Additionally, mid-third calf girth and calf length explained 28.8% of variance in men, whereas mid-third calf perimeter, calf length, and weight explained 67.8% of variance in women of the mid-third soleus depth (p < 0.001). This study identified anthropometric features that predict soleus muscle depth, as assessed with ultrasound, in asymptomatic individuals, but these features are different in men and women. Our findings could assist clinicians in choosing the proper length of the needle to avoiding passing through the soleus during dry needling.
Highlights
The soleus is a wide and flattened muscle located in the posterior compartment of the calf deep to the gastrocnemius muscles
We hypothesized that a prediction model based on anthropometric features of the calf would study accurately predict the depth of the soleusmodel muscle and could assist during the application of as assessed
This study found some anthropometric feature predicting soleus muscle depth in asymptomatic individuals, but these features are different in men and women and depend on the level where the soleus is assessed
Summary
The soleus is a wide and flattened muscle located in the posterior compartment of the calf deep to the gastrocnemius muscles. The soleus muscle contributes, with the gastrocnemius muscles, to ankle plantar-flexion, and provides postural control of the ankle, in weight bearing, since it controls ankle dorsiflexion when acting eccentrically. One common muscular impairment observed in the lower extremity are myofascial trigger points (TrPs). Latent TrPs are asymptomatic from a sensory point of view but they promote motor disturbances, including restricted range of motion, muscle weakness, or accelerated fatigability [4]. Previous studies have reported a prevalence of latent TrPs in the soleus muscle ranging from 15% to 25% in asymptomatic people [5,6]. Bajaj et al [7] observed a prevalence of
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