Abstract
Transmission of parasites between host species affects host population dynamics, interspecific competition, and ecosystem structure and function. In areas where wild and domestic herbivores share grazing land, management of parasites in livestock may affect or be affected by sympatric wildlife due to cross‐species transmission.We develop a novel method for simulating transmission potential based on both biotic and abiotic factors in a semi‐arid system in Botswana. Optimal timing of antiparasitic treatment in livestock is then compared under a variety of alternative host scenarios, including seasonally migrating wild hosts.In this region, rainfall is the primary driver of seasonality of transmission, but wildlife migration leads to spatial differences in the effectiveness of treatment in domestic animals. Additionally, competent migratory wildlife hosts move parasites across the landscape.Simulated transmission potential matches observed patterns of clinical disease in livestock in the study area. Increased wildlife contact is correlated with a decrease in disease, suggesting that non‐competent wild hosts may attenuate transmission by removing infective parasite larvae from livestock pasture.Optimising the timing of treatment according to within‐year rainfall patterns was considerably more effective than treating at a standard time of year. By targeting treatment in this way, efficient control can be achieved, mitigating parasite spillover from wildlife where it does occur. Synthesis and applications. This model of parasite transmission potential enables evidence‐based management of parasite spillover between wild and domestic species in a spatio‐temporally dynamic system. It can be applied in other mixed‐use systems to mitigate parasite transmission under altered climate scenarios or changes in host ranges.
Highlights
Disease transmission between domestic and wild animals can have important impacts on agricultural economics (Alexandersen, Zhang, & Donaldson, 2002; Renwick, White, & Bengis, 2007) and conservation (Smith, Acevedo-Whitehouse, & Pedersen, 2009)
We develop a novel method for simulating transmission potential based on both biotic and abiotic factors in a semi-arid system in Botswana
We evaluate the potential for parasite transmission between host species in the Makgadikgadi and Nxai Pans National Park (MPNP) region by measuring overlap between wild and domestic host species and parasite burden in goats
Summary
Disease transmission between domestic and wild animals can have important impacts on agricultural economics (Alexandersen, Zhang, & Donaldson, 2002; Renwick, White, & Bengis, 2007) and conservation (Smith, Acevedo-Whitehouse, & Pedersen, 2009). The focal parasite is the well-studied generalist nematode Haemonchus contortus, the approach could be extended to other worms This parasite infects at least six species of wild and domestic ungulate in the study area (Walker et al, 2017) and has been demonstrated to affect the health of livestock locally (Walker et al, 2015). To understand the drivers of transmission, we use a novel adaptation of an ecological and epidemiological model (Rose, Wang, Van Dijk, & Morgan, 2015), which uses abiotic factors (temperature and rainfall) to predict seasonal patterns in parasite development and risk of transmission We apply this model to optimise treatment timing in livestock in the face of spatial and seasonal variation in climate and host overlap. Our overall aim is to describe specific and local applications to improve parasite management in an ecological context in the case study, while developing methodologies that are more broadly applicable to parasite management in support of conservation and agriculture in other systems
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