Abstract
BackgroundVisceral obesity is associated with facial characteristics and chronic disease, but no studies on the best predictor of visceral obesity based on facial characteristics have been reported. The aims of the present study were to investigate the association of visceral obesity with facial characteristics, to determine the best predictor of normal waist and visceral obesity among these characteristics, and to compare the predictive power of individual and combined characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional data were obtained from 11347 adult Korean men and women ranging from 18 to 80 years old. We examined 15 facial characteristics to identify the strongest predictor of normal and viscerally obese subjects and assessed the predictive power of the combined characteristics.ResultsFD_94_194 (the distance between both inferior ear lobes) was the best indicator of the normal and viscerally obese subjects in the following groups: Men-18-50 (p ≤ 0.0001, OR = 4.610, AUC = 0.821), Men-50-80 (p ≤ 0.0001, OR = 2.624, AUC = 0.735), and Women-18-50 (p ≤ 0.0001, OR = 2.979, AUC = 0.76). In contrast, FD_43_143 (mandibular width) was the strongest predictor in Women-50-80 (p ≤ 0.0001, OR = 2.099, AUC = 0.679). In a comparison of the combined characteristics, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the kappa values of the 4 groups ranged from 0.826 to 0.702 and from 0.483 to 0.279, respectively. The model for Men-18-50 showed the strongest predictive values and the model for Women-51-80 had the lowest predictive value for both the individual and combined characteristics.ConclusionsIn both men and women, the predictive power of the young and middle-age groups was better than that of the elderly groups for predicting normal waist and viscerally obese subjects for both the individual and combined characteristics. The predictive power appeared to increase slightly with the combined characteristics.
Highlights
Visceral obesity is associated with facial characteristics and chronic disease, but no studies on the best predictor of visceral obesity based on facial characteristics have been reported
A number of facial characteristic studies have attempted to characterize the association of facial characteristics with visceral obesity (VO) and have suggested that facial characteristics are strongly associated with body mass index (BMI) or health complications and problems [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]
Comparison of individual characteristics in the age- and gender-specific groups The results presented in Tables 2 and 3 show the statistical analysis and predictive power of the individual characteristics in the male and female groups
Summary
Visceral obesity is associated with facial characteristics and chronic disease, but no studies on the best predictor of visceral obesity based on facial characteristics have been reported. Rantala and colleagues [25] examined whether the facial and body adiposity and masculinity mediate the association of the hepatitis B antibody response with attractiveness in men They suggested that facial attractiveness was significantly predicted by regional fat deposits in the face and was associated with the antibody response. A study by Sadeghianrizi and colleagues [27] showed that the skeletal structures of the faces of obese adolescents are prone to be relatively large They suggested that bimaxillary prognathism was related to obesity and that the craniofacial morphology between obese and non-obese adolescents was significantly different. The specific elements of facial features and obesity-related diseases were well described in the study by Reither and colleagues [13]
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