Abstract
BackgroundPeople use various strategies to maintain balance, such as taking a reactive step or rotating the upper body. To gain insight in human balance control, it is useful to know what makes people switch from one strategy to another. In previous studies the transition from a non-stepping balance response to reactive stepping was often described by an (extended) inverted pendulum model using a limited number of features. The goal of this study is to predict whether people will take a reactive step to recover from a push and to investigate what features are most relevant for that prediction by using a data-driven approach.MethodsTen subjects participated in an experiment in which they received forward pushes to which they had to respond naturally with or without stepping. The collected kinematic and center of pressure data were used to train several classification algorithms to predict reactive stepping. The classification algorithms that performed best were used to determine the most important features through recursive feature elimination.ResultsThe neural networks performed better than the other classification algorithms. The prediction accuracy depended on the length of the observation time window: the longer the allowed time between the push and the prediction, the higher the accuracy. Using a neural network with one hidden layer and eight neurons, and a feature set consisting of various kinematic and center of pressure related features, an accuracy of 0.91 was obtained for predictions made up until the moment of step leg unloading, in combination with a sensitivity of 0.79 and a specificity 0.97. The most important features were the acceleration and velocity of the center of mass, and the position of the cervical joint center.ConclusionUsing our classification-based method the occurrence of reactive stepping could be predicted with a high accuracy, higher than previous methods for predicting natural reactive stepping. The feature set used for that prediction was different from the ones reported in other step prediction studies. Given the high step prediction performance, our method has the potential to be used for triggering reactive stepping in balance controllers of bipedal robots (e.g. exoskeletons).
Highlights
People use various strategies to maintain balance, such as taking a reactive step or rotating the upper body
The stability boundary, eXtrapolated center of mass (XCoM) and Center of Mass (CoM)-time-toboundary performed worse than the trained classification algorithms
Using the CoM-time-to-boundary or stability boundary for step prediction resulted in the highest specificity, but the matching sensitivities, and the accuracies, were low
Summary
People use various strategies to maintain balance, such as taking a reactive step or rotating the upper body. Humans use two distinct strategies to maintain standing balance without additional supports: feet-in-place strategies that do not change the BoS, and stepping strategies that do. The question arises, when do people switch from a feet-in-place to a reactive stepping strategy to maintain balance? The “ankle strategy” has shown to be dominant in quiet standing [1, 2] In this strategy, ankle joint torques are generated that result in a change in force distribution beneath the feet on the ground, and in a displacement of the point of application of the net reaction force (the center of pressure (CoP)). This study focuses on predicting the occurrence of natural reactive stepping
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