Abstract
In order to design and implement preventive and remedial actions, a continuous performance of fast security analysis is imperative amid outages of system components. Following the contingency of a system component, State estimation and Load flow techniques are the two popular techniques used to determine system state variables leading to estimation of flows, losses and violations in nodal voltages and transmission line flows. But the dynamic state and complexity of the system requires faster means of estimations which can be achieved by linear distribution factors. The use of Distribution factors in form of Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF) and Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODF) which are transmission line sensitivities with respect to active power exchanges between buses and transmission line outages offer an alternative to these two techniques being linear, quicker, and non-iterative. Following the estimation of the linear distribution factors from a reference operating point (base case) and contingency cases involving line outage, generator output variation and outage of a Six bus network using Matlab programs, the results show that by means of Linear Distribution factors quick estimates of post outage line flows can be made which match flow results obtained from DC load flow analysis.
Highlights
Beyond the planning stage of any powers system, optimal operation is vital for reliable performance of the system
Similar to the case of transmission systems, there are many applications for distribution factors in distribution systems. [12] used a set of Linear Power Flow (LPF) equations to describe two kinds of distribution factors namely Current Transfer Distribution factors (CTDF) and Branch Outage Distribution Factors (BODF) whose application was illustrated using the optimal placement of distributed generation/capacitor banks as well as minimum-loss network re-configuration of a distribution network
The use of base distribution factors to estimate transmission line flows from a known operation point yields faster results that matches in exactness the estimations from Direct Current (DC) load flow analysis
Summary
Beyond the planning stage of any powers system, optimal operation is vital for reliable performance of the system. The assumptions of Fast Decoupled power flow are not as strongly hold for distribution systems as they are for transmission systems (X/R ratio is smaller in distribution systems) Those factors depend on the operating condition of the system and, are valid for small changes in power flow patterns. Using the ad joint network method, which is based on the application of Tellegen’s theorem to power systems, the authors of [11] derived the sensitivities of power losses and voltage magnitudes with respect to power injection at any node in the system Since this method is only valid for radial distribution systems and cannot be used to calculate the branch outage distribution factors (BODF) due to voltage dependence on load. Similar to the case of transmission systems, there are many applications for distribution factors in distribution systems. [12] used a set of Linear Power Flow (LPF) equations to describe two kinds of distribution factors namely Current Transfer Distribution factors (CTDF) and Branch Outage Distribution Factors (BODF) whose application was illustrated using the optimal placement of distributed generation/capacitor banks as well as minimum-loss network re-configuration of a distribution network
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