Abstract
This paper presents an analytical method using the energy conservation principle to predict ground settlement due to symmetrically shaped tunnel construction in elastic ground conditions. Ground settlement is calculated by balancing the energy in shearing the soil, the work done by gravity, and the negative work done along the tunnel boundary. The proposed method was validated by finite-difference numerical simulations. According to the simulations, it was found that the direction of maximum shear stress under shear strain extension (SSE) was opposite to that under shear strain compression (SSC). The energy in shearing the soil can be obtained by using both the differential of ground displacement, and the fitted expression of maximum shear strain. Subsequently, ground deformation was predicted by the proposed method under three different conditions, and then compared with numerical results. Specific cases of ground settlement due to tunneling can be predicted by the proposed method, using the differential of the proposed empirical solutions. Ground settlements calculated by fitted expressions of maximum shear strain were closer to numerical results than those calculated by differentials. Deriving an empirical equation of maximum engineering shear strain from fitted expressions may be an innovative way for the proposed method to predict ground settlement.
Highlights
Tunnel constructions require the assessment of ground settlements as it is an essential aspect of the planning, design, and construction of tunneling projects in an urban environment
Verruijt and Booker [5] estimated ground deformations by using isotropic, homogeneous elastic half-space equations, regarding the investigation proposed by Sagaseta [6]
It was revealed thatmaximum the maximum shear ofstresses the zones within thewithin blue areas increased in the negative with an increase maximum of the zones the blue areas increased in the direction, negative direction, with an in increase in engineering shear strain.shear
Summary
Tunnel constructions require the assessment of ground settlements as it is an essential aspect of the planning, design, and construction of tunneling projects in an urban environment. Mair et al [4] proposed a similar empirical method of obtaining both surface and subsurface displacements. Using the closed-form solution by Verruijt, Loganathan and Poulos [7] proposed a semi-empirical analytical method of calculating maximum. Bobet [8] proposed an elastic solution which can be used for the preliminary design of shallow tunnels in saturated grounds. There are few related studies for the estimation of tunneling-induced ground settlements using energy conservation. The new analytical method was assumed to behave elastically This assumption was appropriate for rocks and stiff clays, in which ground settlements are small. It was demonstrated that using energy conservation was a practical, innovative method of calculating ground settlements due to tunneling
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