Predicting Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s Disease Using K-Means Clustering on MRI Data

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to the loss of cognitive functions due to the deterioration of brain tissue. Current diagnostic methods are often invasive or costly, limiting their widespread use. Developing non-invasive and cost-effective screening methods is crucial, especially for identifying patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. This study employs a Machine Learning (ML) approach, specifically K-means clustering, on a subset of pixels common to all magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to rapidly classify subjects with AD and those with normal Normal Cognitive (NC). In particular, we benefited from defining significant pixels, a narrow subset of points (in the range of 1.5% to 6% of the total) common to all MRI images and related to more intense degeneration of white or gray matter. We performed K-means clustering, with k = 2, on the significant pixels of AD and NC MRI images to separate subjects belonging to the two classes and detect the class centroids. Subsequently, we classified subjects with MCI using only the significant pixels. This approach enables quick classification of subjects with AD and NC, and more importantly, it predicts MCI-to-AD conversion with high accuracy and low computational cost, making it a rapid and effective diagnostic tool for real-time assessments.