Abstract
We conducted experiments of oversensing generation of pacemaker (PM) and X-irradiation direction dependency of PM, and examined the oversensing suppression method, using 8 different types of PMs. It was found out from this experiment that oversensing would occur when some conditions (X-irradiation direction, X-irradiation intensity) are met. Oversensing occurred with the most low irradiation conditions (kV × mA) when PM was irradiated at 90° (vertically to C-MOS; Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). The acuter the angle of irradiation is (α > 90° < α), the higher the irradiation conditions (kV × mA) at which oversensing start to occur. In plain X-ray photography, oversensing was confirmed under the irradiation conditions of (cervical spine, thoracic spine, lateral thoracic spine, rib, shoulder joint, collarbone, humerus, and chest).Once the irradiation angle and irradiation conditions (kV × mA) are available, oversensing is predictable to some extent. Our findings will help to predict oversensing generation of plain X-ray photography and suppress oversensing. Oversensing can be suppressed in most of the radiography by lowering tube current to 100 mA, but a 1.0 mm High-Density Tungsten Sheet must be put on PM in high tube voltage radiography.
Highlights
In 2005, the first case of the pacemaker-related defect was reported in Japan claiming that a pacemaker induced a partial electric oversensing in X-ray computed tomography CT [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]
In plain X-ray photography, oversensing was confirmed under the irradiation conditions of.Once the irradiation angle and irradiation conditions are available, oversensing is predictable to some extent
Oversensing can be suppressed in most of the radiography by lowering tube current to 100 mA, but a 1.0 mm High-Density Tungsten Sheet must be put on PM in high tube voltage radiography
Summary
In 2005, the first case of the pacemaker-related defect was reported in Japan claiming that a pacemaker induced a partial electric oversensing in X-ray computed tomography CT [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In 2009, the precautions were revised [11], and recommended to monitor pulses at the fixed pacing mode or to stop X-ray irradiation in the patient with a pacemaker because X-ray irradiation temporarily suppresses the pacing, and may induce bradyarrhythmia with dizziness or fainting. As of 2011, the reports of oversensing and reset of the cardiac pacemaker still have been observed [6]. We report the result of the experiment of oversensing generation of PM and X-irradiation direction de-. Pendency of PM, both of which were adjusted for the actual plain X-ray photography, as well as the result of the examination of the oversensing suppression method, using 8 different types of pacemakers (hereafter, PMs)
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