Abstract
BackgroundThe negative impacts of the exotic tree, Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven, stink tree), is spreading throughout much of the Eastern United States. When forests are disturbed, it can invade and expand quickly if seed sources are nearby.MethodsWe conducted studies at the highly dissected Tar Hollow State Forest (THSF) in southeastern Ohio USA, where Ailanthus is widely distributed within the forest, harvests have been ongoing for decades, and prescribed fire had been applied to about a quarter of the study area. Our intention was to develop models to evaluate the relationship of Ailanthus presence to prescribed fire, harvesting activity, and other landscape characteristics, using this Ohio location as a case study. Field assessments of the demography of Ailanthus and other stand attributes (e.g., fire, harvesting, stand structure) were conducted on 267 sample plots on a 400-m grid throughout THSF, supplemented by identification of Ailanthus seed-sources via digital aerial sketch mapping during the dormant season. Statistical modeling tools Random Forest (RF), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), and Maxent were used to assess relationships among attributes, then model habitats suitable for Ailanthus presence.ResultsIn all, 41 variables were considered in the models, including variables related to management activities, soil characteristics, topography, and vegetation structure (derived from LiDAR). The most important predictor of Ailanthus presence was some measure of recent timber harvest, either mapped harvest history (CART) or LiDAR-derived canopy height (Maxent). Importantly, neither prescribed fire or soil variables appeared as important predictors of Ailanthus presence or absence in any of the models of the THSF.ConclusionsThese modeling techniques provide tools and methodologies for assessing landscapes for Ailanthus invasion, as well as those areas with higher potentials for invasion should seed sources become available. Though a case study on an Ohio forest, these tools can be modified for use anywhere Ailanthus is invading.
Highlights
The negative impacts of the exotic tree, Ailanthus altissima, is spreading throughout much of the Eastern United States
41 variables were considered in the models, including variables related to management activities, soil characteristics, derived topographic measures, and vegetation structure characters
Aerial survey and field sampling The helicopter survey allowed the mapping of 96 seedbearing Ailanthus females and 42 patches containing Ailanthus within a 3884 ha Tar Hollow State Forest (THSF) area (Rebbeck et al 2015)
Summary
The negative impacts of the exotic tree, Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven, stink tree), is spreading throughout much of the Eastern United States. Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven, Chinese sumac, stink tree), native to northeastern China, was introduced into North America as an ornamental tree to Philadelphia in 1784, again in New York in 1820, and again in California during the Gold Rush of the mid-1880s, and its expansion quickly followed (Hu 1979; Kasson et al 2013). It is classified as an ‘aggressive invader’ as it prefers disturbed, earlyseral habitats, can spread readily from root spouts, produces massive amounts of seed, and has rapid growth (Call and Nilsen 2005). It has been present in southern Ohio for at least 80 years and continues to spread (Drury and Runkle 2006)
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