Abstract
Urbanisation and invasion of wildlife into urban areas as well as human leisure activities create diverse wildlife-domestic animal-human interfaces, increasing the risk of (zoonotic) parasite spillover from sylvatic to domestic and synanthropic cycles. This study investigated the endo- and ectoparasite fauna, emphasising on parasites of One Health Concern, of the most common predators in northern Germany between November 2013 and January 2016. Eighty red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 18 stone martens (Martes foina) and nine raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were available for the study. Overall, 79 (73.8%) of the examined predators (n=107) harboured at least one endoparasite. The most frequently detected endoparasites in red foxes were Toxocara canis (43.8% positive individuals), Capillaria spp. (36.3%), Alaria alata (25.0%), Echinococcus multilocularis (26.3%) and Uncinaria stenocephala (25.0%). Furthermore, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Taenia ssp., Mesocestoides spp. and coccidian oocysts were observed. The endoparasite species richness in raccoon dogs was comparable to red foxes, while in stone martens, only Capillaria spp. were found. Muscle digestion for detection of Trichinella spp. and antigen testing for Giardia spp. did not show positive results. Ectoparasite analyses revealed infestations with ticks species of the genus Ixodes as well as Dermacentor reticulatus. Scabies mites were not present in digested skin samples, while Demodex spp. mites were observed by faecal flotation in one red fox. Furthermore, fleas (Archaeopsylla erinacei and Chaetopsylla globiceps) were observed in the fur of red foxes, while lice were not present in any predator species. However, infestation frequency with ectoparasites was with 19.2% generally low in available predator skins (n=99). Overall, the present study showed that predators in northern Germany serve as reservoirs for parasites of One Health concern, with four of the five most frequent endoparasites being zoonotic, highlighting the need of parasite surveillance in wildlife predators in order to implement measures avoiding spillovers to domestic animals and humans.
Highlights
Section Editor: Domenico OtrantoThe past and present in central Europe is characterised by a continuous anthropogenic alterations of natural environments, comprising a progressive urbanisation as well as an increasing utilisation of natural habitats for agriculture, forestry or recreational uses (Ellis 2011)
The opportunistic feeding habits of raccoon dogs with insects, plants, and small mammals as main food source favours the transmission of parasites, and the presence of various zoonotic parasite species has been documented in both predators, including Echinococcus multilocularis, Trichinella spp. or Toxocara canis (Bruzinskaite-Schmidhalter et al 2012; Drygala et al 2013; Ivanov and Semenova 2000; Kornyushin and Malega 2011; Sato et al 1999; Shimalov and Shimalov 2002; Sutor et al 2010)
A total of 107 predators were made available for the analyses, the majority being red foxes (n=80; sex: 35 males, 45 females; age: 16 juveniles [deciduous teeth], 60 adults [permanent teeth], 4 unknown), while only 18 stone martens and 9 raccoon dogs were provided
Summary
Section Editor: Domenico OtrantoThe past and present in central Europe is characterised by a continuous anthropogenic alterations of natural environments, comprising a progressive urbanisation as well as an increasing utilisation of natural habitats for agriculture, forestry or recreational uses (Ellis 2011). Further common predators at the wildlife-domestic animal-human interface in central Europe are stone martens (Martes foina) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the latter being one of the most successful invasive carnivores in Europe (Kauhala and Kowalczyk 2011). The emergence of this invading species in northern Germany is illustrated by hunting rates reported by the ministry of the northern German federal state SchleswigHolstein (Ministry of Energy, Agriculture, the Environment, Nature and Digitalization, abbreviated as MELUND). The direct as well as indirect contact with infested predators can result in sarcoptic mange of dogs and pseudoscabies in humans (Birk et al 1999)
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