Abstract
Predators play a fundamental role in prey trophic behaviour, with indirect consequences for species coexistence and ecosystem functioning. Resource quality and availability also influence prey trophic behaviour, with potential effects on predator-prey dynamics. Although many studies have addressed these topics, little attention has been paid to the combined effects of predators and resources on prey species coexistence and nutrient transfer along food chains, especially in detritus-based systems. To determine the influence of predators and resource quality on the movement and P uptake of detritivores, we carried out a field experiment on the River Kelvin (Scotland) using 32P to test the hypothesis of reduced prey vagility among resource patches as a strategy to avoid predation. Thirty leaf sacks containing alder leaves and two detritivore prey populations (Asellus aquaticus and Lymnaea peregra) were placed in cages, half of them with two predator species (Dendrocoelum lacteum and Erpobdella octoculata) and the other half without predators. Five alder leaf bags, each individually inoculated with a different fungus strain to simulate a patchy habitat, were placed inside each leaf sack. One bag in each sack was labelled with 32P, in order to assess the proportion of detritivores using it as food and thus their movement among the five resource patches. Three replicates for each labelled fungus and each predation treatment (i.e. with and without predators) were left on the riverbed for 7 days. The presence of predators had negligible effects on the number of detritivores in the leaf bags, but it did reduce the proportion of 32P-labelled detritivores and their P uptake. The most strongly affected species was A. aquaticus, whose vagility, trophic overlap with L. peregra and P uptake were all reduced. The results confirm the importance of bottom-up and top-down forces acting simultaneously to regulate nutrient transfer along food chains in patchy habitats.
Highlights
Top-down and bottom-up interactions play a fundamental role in the structure and dynamics of ecological communities [1], [2], [3], with important implications for species coexistence and ecological processes [4], [5], [6], [7]
In enclosures/exclosures for predators and prey we explored the effects of two invertebrate predators, Dendrocoelum lacteum (Muller) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) and Erpobdella octoculata (L.) (Anellida, Hirudinea), on the movement and trophic niches of two coexisting prey species, the isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) and the pulmonate snail Lymnaea peregra (Muller), feeding on five resource patches made up of leaf litter conditioned with different fungus strains [33]
In the absence of predators, the leaf bags where fungal colonization was highest were the most heavily colonized by detritivores and were associated with the highest 32P uptake; the abundance of A. aquaticus in the leaf bags was directly correlated with the Activity Density (AD) of fungi (R = 0.97, p value,0.01) and its own AD (R = 0.91, p value,0.01)
Summary
Top-down and bottom-up interactions play a fundamental role in the structure and dynamics of ecological communities [1], [2], [3], with important implications for species coexistence and ecological processes [4], [5], [6], [7]. Prey species can modify their spatial dynamics and trophic behaviour to avoid predators [8], [9], [10], albeit with significant costs for individual and population viability in some cases [11], [12], [13]. Meta-analyses show that NCEs can have major effects on prey population dynamics [18] and can dominate trophic cascades through changes in prey ecological traits [19]. These studies highlight the need for research into the trait- versus density-mediated effects of predators on prey-resource interaction, as well as advances in the direct observation of the final outcomes of NCEs at community level
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