Predator-induced renesting and reproductive effort in indigo buntings: more work for less pay?

Dana L Morris,John Faaborg,Brian E Washburn,Joshua J Millspaugh

doi:10.1093/conphys/cou063

Abstract

Renesting after nest predation is ultimately an adaptive response to increase productivity in birds. However, renesting also increases reproductive effort to replace lost clutches. We investigated the consequences of this increased reproductive effort by determining whether renesting in female indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) is associated with a decline in body condition (size-corrected mass) and haematocrit and an increase in stress hormones and whether renesting or maternal body condition is associated with a decline in productivity (clutch size, nestling body condition). Next, because a consequence of multiple renesting attempts is a prolonged breeding season and later timing, we predicted that a population of post-breeding females and juveniles would have lower body condition in fragmented forest than in contiguous forest owing to higher nest predation and frequency of renesting. Both forest types were settled by females of similar condition. Nest survival was lower in fragmented forest, where a higher proportion of females failed their first attempt and the breeding season was 2 weeks longer. Compared with females on their first attempt, renesting females had lower body condition and haematocrit and higher corticosterone concentrations. Lower maternal body condition was associated with higher concentrations of corticosterone, lower nestling body condition and smaller clutches. Clutch size was lower in renests and in fragmented forest. Nestling condition was lower in renests but did not vary greatly with forest type. Despite a prolonged breeding season in the fragmented forest, post-breeding females and hatch-year birds were in similar condition in both forest types. Our results suggest that the indirect effects of nest predation on maternal and offspring condition pose additional individual-level costs that have not been considered in the context of fragmentation studies. We discuss how predator-induced renesting could have additional demographic consequences by prolonging the breeding season and prompting seasonal interactions or carry-over effects that could impact populations.

Highlights

Nest predation accounts for most reproductive failure in birds (Martin, 1995), and many studies have linked reducedreproductive success to population-level consequences (Robinson et al, 1995; Lloyd et al, 2005)
We investigated the consequences of this increased reproductive effort by determining whether renesting in female indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) is associated with a decline in body condition and haematocrit and an increase in stress hormones and whether renesting or maternal body condition is associated with a decline in productivity
We found no evidence that variation in nest survival was related to maternal body condition or habitat (Supplemental Table S1), but stage and day were included in the final model with forest type

Summary

Introduction

reproductive success to population-level consequences (Robinson et al, 1995; Lloyd et al, 2005) Such predation is likely to impact current fitness and has the potential to create additional impacts on individuals because nest loss in many. Compared with females that raise a brood on their first attempt, females that experience predator-induced renesting necessarily experience greater reproductive effort by working more to produce young and breeding for longer due to later nest initiation dates with each successive attempt

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion