Preconcentration of polar phenolic compounds from water samples and soil extract by liquid-phase microextraction and determination via liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Abstract

This work proposes a liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method to extract the highly polar compounds phenol (Ph), o-cresol (o-Cr), m-cresol (m-Cr), p-cresol (p-Cr), and 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP) from aqueous matrices. The first extraction step of the LPME method employed a common volumetric flask and n-octanol, and the second extraction step used NaOH as the acceptor phase. The optimized extraction conditions were 900μL of n-octanol as the extraction solvent, NaOH at 0.60molL−1 as the acceptor phase, an extraction time of 5.0min, HCl at 0.01molL−1 and NaCl at 20.0% as the donor phase, and an extraction temperature of 20.0°C. The analysis of 50.0mL of aqueous sample, pretreated under the optimized LPME conditions, afforded a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.3 and 3.5μgL−1, a limit of quantification (LOQ) between 1.2 and 11.6μgL−1, and a linear range from 2.50 to 50.0μgL−1 for Ph, o-Cr, m-Cr and p-Cr and from 12.5 to 250μgL−1 for 2,4-DMP. The proposed LPME method was a successful sample preparation strategy, and allowed for precise and accurate quantification of polar phenolic compounds in aqueous matrices such as tap water, river water, groundwater, and seawater, and also in a soil extract. The recovery values ranged from 72.5% to 126.0%, and the relative standard deviation was between 0.3 and 11.5%.