Abstract
The cloud point extraction (CPE) method was successfully used for the isolation and pre-concentration of ultra-low concentration of Pb prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Lead(II) reacts with methyl 4,20-diisobutyl-2,5,8,16,19,22- hexaoxo-7,17-dipropyl-3,6,9,15,18,21-hexaaza-1(2,6)-pyridinacyclo-docosaphane-10-carboxylate (DLNL) as chelating agent in the presence of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) as a nonionic surfactant giving a surfactant-rich phase chelate which could be used for CPE. Factors affecting the CPE such as solution pH, concentrations of the chelating ligand and surfactant, temperature of equilibration, and time were optimized. The efficacy features of the proposed protocol such as linear range, lower limit of detection, pre-concentration, and progress factors were evaluated. The method revealed a wide linear range in the range of 7–250 ng/mL of Pb2+ with a limit of detection of 5 ng/mL using FAAS. Validation of the presented protocol revealed good performance characteristics including high between-batch repeatability, high precision, wide linear range, low limit of detection, and acceptable accuracy. The presented procedure was successfully introduced for the separation and quantification of lead (II) in wastewater samples with acceptable results.
Highlights
Heavy metal ion monitoring in different matrices is a significant task because of the harmful effects that such ions have on organisms [1,2,3]
Extraction based on cloud point extraction (CPE) for different analytes has many features such as a high enrichment work, methyl 4,20-diisobutyl-2,5,8,16,19,22-hexaoxo-7,17-dipropyl-3,6,9,15,18,21-hexaaza-1(2,6)factor, easy conjunction to automated instruments, simplicity of use, and rapidity
The complex was extracted into surfactant-rich phase containing Triton X-114
Summary
Heavy metal ion monitoring in different matrices is a significant task because of the harmful effects that such ions have on organisms [1,2,3]. Lead (Pb) is considered as one of the highly hazardous species that affect both the ecological environment and human health in a dangerous way. It can cause cardiovascular effects, renal failure, neurologic damage, and venereal toxicity [4]. The WHO (World Health Organization) has affirmed the ultimate acceptable limit of Pb in drinking water to be 10 ng/mL [7]. For such causes, Pb assessment at low concentration becomes an urgent and
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