Abstract
Background: Most pregnant women living in high malaria endemic regions of Nigeria use herbal remedies for the management of malaria-in-pregnancy, rather than the commonly prescribed drugs. Remedies common to this area involve a suspension of A. indica (AI) leaves and in some cases, a suspension containing a mixture of AI and D. edulis (PS). Aim: This study examined the therapeutic efficacies of AI, PS, or a combination of AI and PS in a pregnant rat model for exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum parasite. Method: A predetermined sample size of 30 dams was used (for a power level and confidence interval of 95%), and divided equally into six groups made up of non-malarous dams, untreated malarous dams, and malarous dams either treated exclusively with 1 mL of 3000 mg/kg b.w AI, 1000 mg/kg b.w PS, AI + PS (50% v/v), or 25 mg/kg b.w CQ. Result: No maternal mortality was recorded. AI significantly improved maternal weight gain from 32.4 to 82.2 g and placental weight from 0.44 to 0.53 g. In the curative test, AI and AI + PS significantly reduced the average percentage parasitemia (APP) in the pregnant rats from >80% to <20%. No significant difference in the APP was found between the pregnant rats treated with any of CQ or AI during the suppressive test. Results for the prophylactic test of the study groups showed that the APP was significantly reduced from 24.69% to 3.90% when treated with AI and 3.67% when combined with PS. AI + PS reduced diastolic blood pressure from 89.0 to 81.0 mm/Hg and compared with that of the non malarous dams. AI or AI + PS significantly increased the platelet counts (103 µL) from 214.1 to 364.5 and 351.2, respectively. AI and AI + PS improved birth weight from 2.5 to 3.9 g and crown rump length from 2.6 to 4.1 cm. For biomarkers of preeclampsia, combining AI and PS led to the reversal of the altered levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac troponin, soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1, and placental growth factor. Conclusions: This study validates the use of A. indica for the treatment of gestational malaria due to its antiplasmodial and related therapeutic effects and in combination with pear seeds for the management of malaria-in-pregnancy-induced preeclampsia.
Highlights
This article is an open access articleMalaria is a leading cause of deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and a significant worldwide public health concern [1,2]
When treated with chloroquine (CQ), a significant increase in feed intake up to 680 g was observed when compared to the untreated malarous dams while the malarous dams treated with Azadirachta indica (AI) significantly increased to 701.8 g compared with feed intake of the CQ-treated dams
Our study further showed that P. falciparum infection caused a significant decrease in placental weight
Summary
Malaria is a leading cause of deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and a significant worldwide public health concern [1,2]. In Nigeria, malaria is a major cause of illness, maternal and fetal losses, low birth weight (LBW), and poverty, and threatens the economy and wellbeing of the nation. A $12 billion annual loss is incurred to manage the economic burden of malaria in Africa [3]. In these high endemic distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons. Regions, pregnant women and children below 5 years are of particular public health interest because they constitute the category with the highest risk for malaria-related morbidity and mortality [4]. Another study reported that malaria accounts for 70% of maternal morbidity in Nigeria, 15% of maternal anemia, and 5–14%
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