Preclinical manifestations of organ damage associated with the metabolic syndrome and its factors in outpatient children

Abstract

Background To evaluate whether the pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its factors are useful to detect subclinical abnormalities of cardiac, liver, and glomerular damage in an outpatient population. Methods The population study included 799 children (age 10 ± 3 years, mean ± SD), 24% of whom were normalweight, 25% overweight, and 51% obese. Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and HOMA-IR were analyzed in all children. Microalbuminuria (MA) and left ventricular (LV) geometry and function were evaluated in 501 and 247 children, respectively. MetS was defined using Cook's criteria. Results MetS was diagnosed in 131 children (16%). Children with MetS+ and MetS− were similar for age, gender and Tanner stage distribution. Children with MetS+ showed higher ALT levels (31 ± 19 vs 21 ± 11 IU/L, p < 0.0001), LV mass (39 ± 10 vs 34 ± 10 g/h 2.7, p < 0.001) and relative wall thickness (0.37 ± 0.06 vs 0.35 ± 0.05, p < 0.01) than MetS−. The two groups were similar for MA and eGFR. At multiple logistic regression analysis, children MetS+ showed a higher risk (OR, 95% Cl) adjusted for confounding factors, of high ALT levels (1.71, 1.12–2.59, p = 0.012) and concentric LV hypertrophy (2.17, 1.01–4.66, p = 0.047) than children MetS−. The risk of preclinical liver and cardiac damage associated with the MetS phenotype was not higher than predicted by its single components. Conclusions Children with MetS show a 2-fold greater risk of having high ALT levels and concentric LV hypertrophy. However, the risk of subclinical manifestations of liver and cardiac damage can be predicted equally well by the single components of the syndrome.