Abstract
Optical methods that provide high diffraction image quality with a spatial resolution of several to tens of nanometers and are in demand in such areas as projection lithography, X-ray microscopy, astrophysics, and fundamental research on the interaction of matter (vacuum) with ultrahigh (– W cm) electromagnetic fields are reviewed in terms of fabrication and testing technologies and possible use in the – nm wavelength range. The current worldwide status of and recent achievements by the Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in the field are discussed.
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