Abstract
In the primordial Universe, neutrino decoupling occurs only slightly before electron-positron annihilations. This leads notably to an increased neutrino energy density compared to the standard instantaneous decoupling approximation, parametrized by the effective number of neutrino species N eff. A precise calculation of neutrino evolution is needed to assess its consequences during the later cosmological stages, and requires to take into account multiple effects such as neutrino oscillations, which represents a genuine numerical challenge. Recently, several key improvements have allowed such a precise numerical calculation, leading to the new reference value N eff = 3.0440.
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